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周易与思维方式《周易》和阴阳五行学说——中国思想文化

来源：鸿雁网|hongyan5.com 时间：2018-02-26 14:08:51 责编： 人气：

周zhōu易yì与yǔ思sī维wéi方fāng式shì周zhōu易yì与yǔ思sī维wéi方fāng式shì,由yóu北běi京jīng大dà学xué哲zhé学xué系xì李lǐ中zhōng华huá教jiāo授shòu主zhǔ讲jiǎng。 近jìn几jǐ年nián来lái,读dú完wánMBA的de不bú少shǎo人rén,均jun1去qù选xuǎn读dú周zhōu易yì哲zhé学xué,其qí中zhōng不bú乏fá亿yì万wàn富fù翁wēng。 有yǒu兴xìng趣qù想xiǎng了le解jiě周zhōu易yì的de朋péng友yǒu可kě去qù看kàn看kàn。 对duì待dài中zhōng国guó传chuán统tǒng文wén化huà,常cháng见jiàn的de有yǒu几jǐ种zhǒng态tài度dù:无wú妄wàng,虚xū妄wàng,迷mí妄wàng。 这zhè三sān种zhǒng态tài度dù均jun1不bú可kě取qǔ。 迷mí妄wàng者zhě,也yě可kě能néng继jì续xù迷mí妄wàng,也yě可kě能néng通tōng过guò虚xū心xīn学xué习xí而ér不bú再zài迷mí妄wàng,这zhè都dōu无wú关guān大dà局jú。 问wèn题tí则zé常cháng出chū在zài持chí无wú妄wàng或huò虚xū妄wàng态tài度dù者zhě,往wǎng往wǎng会huì擦cā抢qiǎng走zǒu火huǒ!　 哲zhé学xué讲jiǎng究jiū境jìng界jiè中zhōng国guó人rén缺quē乏fá形xíng而ér上shàng思sī维wéi,未wèi能néng将jiāng思sī维wéi细xì化huà。 西xī方fāng机jī械xiè论lùn假jiǎ设shè促cù使shǐ西xī方fāng科kē学xué的de发fā展zhǎn。 到dào一yī定dìng阶jiē段duàn需xū要yào更gèng加jiā有yǒu机jī的de自zì然rán主zhǔ义yì哲zhé学xué。 周zhōu易yì两liǎng种zhǒng解jiě释shì:周zhōu代dài的de易yì学xué普pǔ遍biàn适shì用yòng的de易yì阳yáng爻yáo:刚gāng健jiàn强qiáng象xiàng征zhēng积jī极jí向xiàng上shàng,奇qí数shù13579表biǎo示shì中zhōng9表biǎo示shì阴yīn爻yáo:柔róu阴yīn,用yòng6表biǎo示shì周zhōu易yì两liǎng部bù分fèn:经jīng、 传chuán(战zhàn国guó人rén解jiě经jīng的de文wén字zì)一yī阴yīn一yī阳yáng之zhī谓wèi道dào。 反fǎn者zhě道dào之zhī动dòng&mdash&mdash老lǎo子zǐ。 思sī维wéi方fāng式shì:人rén类lèi按àn照zhào自zì己jǐ的de特tè殊shū需xū要yào和hé功gōng利lì目mù标biāo,运yùn用yòng一yī定dìng的de思sī维wéi工gōng具jù去qù接jiē受shòu反fǎn映yìng或huò者zhě改gǎi造zào客kè体tǐ。 周zhōu易yì非fēi逻luó辑jí,中zhōng国guó人rén通tōng几jǐ之zhī学xué。 通tōng几jǐ(知zhī几jǐ其qí神shén乎hū。 神shén:莫mò测cè的de状zhuàng态tài。 几jǐ:动dòng之zhī微wēi,事shì物wù运yùn动dòng的de最zuì微wēi小xiǎo的de表biǎo现xiàn。 在zài有yǒu无wú之zhī间jiān。 微wēi言yán大dà义yì。 君jun1子zǐ见jiàn几jǐ而ér作zuò,不bú俟sì终zhōng日rì。 如rú中zhōng医yī)西xī方fāng人rén质zhì测cè(通tōng过guò实shí际jì测cè量liàng、 验yàn算suàn,运yùn用yòng实shí证zhèng方fāng法fǎ研yán究jiū自zì然rán物wù的de属shǔ性xìng。 在zài西xī方fāng形xíng成chéng传chuán统tǒng的de形xíng式shì逻luó辑jí学xué。 )中zhōng国guó周zhōu易yì是shì整zhěng体tǐ、 有yǒu机jī、 模mó糊hú、 直zhí观guān,更gèng多duō体tǐ现xiàn一yī种zhǒng经jīng验yàn的de分fèn析xī。 多duō动dòng态tài考kǎo察chá,普pǔ遍biàn联lián系xì。 战zhàn国guó时shí期qī名míng家jiā(如rú白bái马mǎ非fēi马mǎ等děng)是shì早zǎo期qī的de形xíng式shì逻luó辑jí。 天tiān人rén合hé一yī的de整zhěng体tǐ思sī维wéi:包bāo罗luó天tiān地dì人rén物wù的de完wán整zhěng的de系xì统tǒng。 "范fàn围wéi天tiān地dì而ér不bú过guò,曲qǔ成chéng万wàn物wù而ér不bú遗yí完wán整zhěng、 和hé、 循xún环huán、 封fēng闭bì、 形xíng象xiàng思sī维wéi方fāng式shì中zhōng国guó整zhěng体tǐ性xìng、 有yǒu机jī性xìng、 直zhí观guān性xìng、 模mó糊hú性xìng。 北běi京jīng大dà学xué李lǐ中zhōng华huá教jiāo授shòu专zhuān题tí报bào告gào周zhōu易yì与yǔ思sī维wéi方fāng式shì中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì是shì什shí么me?是shì人rén们men认rèn识shí世shì界jiè的de一yī种zhǒng方fāng法fǎ,中zhōng国guó人rén看kàn问wèn题tí与yǔ西xī方fāng人rén有yǒu差chà距jù,文wén化huà基jī因yīn不bú同tóng,思sī考kǎo方fāng式shì也yě不bú同tóng。 目mù前qián人rén的de价jià值zhí判pàn断duàn正zhèng在zài发fā生shēng巨jù大dà的de反fǎn变biàn,以yǐ前qián大dà学xué生shēng谈tán恋liàn爱ài脸liǎn红hóng抬tái不bú起qǐ头tóu来lái,现xiàn在zài不bú谈tán恋liàn爱ài似sì乎hū没méi有yǒu噱xué头tóu。 人rén自zì身shēn灵líng肉ròu分fèn离lí。 需xū要yào对duì人rén类lèi的de行háng为wéi进jìn行háng反fǎn思sī,300年nián的de工gōng业yè文wén明míng带dài来lái的de负fù面miàn影yǐng响xiǎng要yào改gǎi革gé,而ér重zhòng要yào的de改gǎi革gé是shì人rén思sī维wéi方fāng式shì。 中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì与yǔ西xī方fāng不bú同tóng,根gēn源yuán在zài周zhōu易yì,周zhōu易yì的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì是shì天tiān人rén合hé一yī,已yǐ有yǒu上shàng万wàn年nián了le。 李lǐ中zhōng华huá教jiāo授shòu的de报bào告gào,给gěi我wǒ的de影yǐng响xiǎng是shì深shēn刻kè的de,但dàn要yào学xué习xí周zhōu易yì实shí在zài不bú是shì短duǎn期qī所suǒ能néng,北běi京jīng回huí来lái后hòu,我wǒ专zhuān门mén买mǎi了le四sì书shū五wǔ经jīng和hé有yǒu关guān周zhōu易yì的de学xué习xí书shū籍jí,利lì用yòng平píng时shí闲xián暇xiá时shí间jiān细xì细xì品pǐn学xué,对duì我wǒ来lái说shuō确què实shí是shì一yī次cì难nán得dé的de机jī会huì,真zhēn觉jiào得dé很hěn有yǒu意yì思sī。 以yǐ下xià是shì我wǒ聆líng听tīng李lǐ中zhōng华huá教jiāo授shòu的de报bào告gào后hòu,根gēn据jù有yǒu关guān资zī料liào整zhěng理lǐ的de学xué习xí作zuò业yè,不bú当dāng之zhī处chù,敬jìng请qǐng批pī评píng指zhǐ正zhèng。 一yī、 关guān于yú四sì书shū五wǔ经jīng四sì书shū五wǔ经jīng是shì四sì书shū和hé五wǔ经jīng的de合hé称chēng,是shì中zhōng国guó儒rú家jiā的de经jīng典diǎn书shū籍jí。 四sì书shū是shì指zhǐ《 论lùn语yǔ》 、 《 孟mèng子zǐ》 、 《 大dà学xué》 和hé《 中zhōng庸yōng》 而ér五wǔ经jīng是shì指zhǐ《 诗shī经jīng》 、 《 尚shàng书shū》 、 《 礼lǐ记jì》 、 《 周zhōu易yì》 、 《 春chūn秋qiū》 ,简jiǎn称chēng为wéi&ldquo诗shī、 书shū、 礼lǐ、 易yì、 春chūn秋qiū&rdquo,其qí实shí本běn来lái应yīng该gāi有yǒu六liù经jīng,还hái有yǒu一yī本běn《 乐lè经jīng》 ,合hé称chēng&ldquo诗shī、 书shū、 礼lǐ、 乐lè、 易yì、 春chūn秋qiū&rdquo,但dàn后hòu来lái亡wáng于yú秦qín末mò战zhàn火huǒ,只zhī剩shèng下xià五wǔ经jīng。 《 周zhōu易yì》 《 周zhōu易yì》 也yě称chēng《 易yì》 、 《 易yì经jīng》 ,列liè儒rú家jiā经jīng典diǎn之zhī首shǒu。 《 周zhōu易yì》 是shì占zhàn卜bo之zhī书shū,其qí外wài层céng神shén秘mì,而ér内nèi蕴yùn的de哲zhé理lǐ至zhì深shēn至zhì弘hóng。 作zuò者zhě应yīng是shì筮shì官guān,经jīng多duō人rén完wán成chéng。 内nèi容róng广guǎng泛fàn记jì录lù了le西xī周zhōu社shè会huì各gè方fāng面miàn,包bāo含hán史shǐ料liào价jià值zhí、 思sī想xiǎng价jià值zhí和hé文wén学xué价jià值zhí。 以yǐ前qián的de人rén们men对duì自zì然rán与yǔ人rén圣shèng变biàn幻huàn规guī律lǜ的de认rèn识shí模mó式shì,从cóng没méi有yǒu超chāo越yuè阴yīn阳yáng八bā卦guà的de思sī维wéi框kuàng架jià。 相xiàng传chuán龙lóng马mǎ驮tuó&ldquo河hé图tú&rdquo出chū现xiàn在zài黄huáng河hé,上shàng古gǔ圣shèng人rén伏fú羲xī始shǐ作zuò八bā卦guà《 史shǐ记jì》 又yòu称chēng&ldquo盖gài文wén王wáng拘jū,而ér演yǎn《 周zhōu易yì》 &rdquo(一yī说shuō伏fú羲xī重zhòng卦guà,有yǒu说shuō神shén农nóng),并bìng作zuò爻yáo辞cí(或huò谓wèi周zhōu公gōng)后hòu至zhì春chūn秋qiū,又yòu有yǒu孔kǒng圣shèng作zuò&ldquo十shí翼yì&rdquo之zhī说shuō,世shì称chēng&ldquo人rén更gèng三sān圣shèng,世shì历lì三sān古gǔ&rdquo(《 汉hàn书shū·艺yì文wén志zhì》 )。 《 周zhōu易yì》 包bāo括kuò《 经jīng》 和hé《 传chuán》 两liǎng部bù分fèn。 《 经jīng》 文wén由yóu六liù十shí四sì卦guà卦guà象xiàng及jí相xiàng应yīng的de卦guà名míng、 卦guà辞cí、 爻yáo名míng、 爻yáo辞cí等děng组zǔ成chéng。 《 传chuán》 一yī共gòng七qī种zhǒng十shí篇piān,有yǒu《 彖tuàn》 上shàng下xià篇piān,《 象xiàng》 上shàng下xià篇piān,《 文wén言yán》 、 《 系xì辞cí》 上shàng下xià篇piān,《 说shuō卦guà》 ,《 杂zá卦guà》 和hé《 序xù卦guà》 。 古gǔ人rén把bǎ这zhè十shí篇piān&ldquo传chuán&rdquo合hé称chēng&ldquo十shí翼yì&rdquo,意yì指zhǐ&ldquo传chuán&rdquo是shì附fù属shǔ于yú&ldquo经jīng&rdquo的de羽yǔ翼yì,即jí用yòng来lái解jiě说shuō&ldquo经jīng&rdquo的de内nèi容róng。 李lǐ教jiāo授shòu说shuō到dào,老lǎo子zǐ、 孔kǒng子zǐ、 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní谁shuí是shì谁shuí的de先xiān生shēng?觉jiào得dé好hǎo奇qí。 于yú是shì便biàn有yǒu如rú下xià资zī料liào:老lǎo子zǐ生shēng于yú公gōng元yuán前qián571年nián,农nóng历lì二èr月yuè十shí五wǔ日rì孔kǒng子zǐ(公gōng元yuán前qián551年nián&mdash&mdash公gōng元yuán前qián479年nián),名míng丘qiū,字zì仲zhòng尼ní,鲁lǔ国guó人rén。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní,幼yòu名míng乔qiáo答dá摩mó·悉xī达dá多duō,约yuē生shēng于yú公gōng元yuán前qián565年nián,正zhèng是shì我wǒ国guó春chūn秋qiū时shí代dài。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní出chū生shēng在zài古gǔ印yìn度dù迦jiā毗pí罗luó卫wèi国guó的de劫jié比bǐ罗luó城chéng。 其qí母mǔ摩mó耶yē夫fū人rén在zài回huí娘niáng家jiā途tú中zhōng于yú蓝lán毗pí尼ní园yuán(今jīn尼ní泊bó尔ěr南nán部bù)生shēng下xià释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní从cóng小xiǎo就jiù具jù有yǒu悲bēi天tiān悯mǐn人rén的de胸xiōng怀huái,喜xǐ欢huān思sī考kǎo人rén生shēng的de真zhēn理lǐ。 十shí九jiǔ岁suì的de时shí候hòu,释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní抛pāo弃qì了le王wáng位wèi,离lí开kāi了le王wáng宫gōng,出chū家jiā修xiū行háng。 当dāng时shí的de印yìn度dù,有yǒu各gè种zhǒng宗zōng派pài的de修xiū练liàn方fāng法fǎ。 这zhè些xiē修xiū法fǎ,在zài释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní以yǐ前qián就jiù已yǐ经jīng存cún在zài。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní先xiān修xiū&ldquo无wú想xiǎng定dìng&rdquo三sān年nián,最zuì后hòu终zhōng于yú修xiū成chéng。 但dàn他tā认rèn为wéi那nà不bú是shì道dào,不bú是shì根gēn本běn,就jiù舍shě弃qì了le。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní又yòu修xiū&ldquo非fēi想xiǎng-非fēi非fēi想xiǎng定dìng&rdquo三sān年nián,最zuì后hòu达dá到dào了le这zhè个gè境jìng界jiè。 但dàn他tā发fā现xiàn那nà也yě不bú是shì道dào,所suǒ以yǐ又yòu丢diū掉diào不bú要yào了le。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní两liǎng次cì&ldquo知zhī非fēi即jí舍shě&rdquo,当dāng时shí再zài也yě找zhǎo不bú到dào明míng师shī,只zhī好hǎo自zì己jǐ到dào酷kù寒hán的de雪xuě山shān上shàng去qù修xiū苦kǔ行háng。 他tā一yī天tiān只zhī吃chī一yī个gè干gàn果guǒ,饿è得dé不bú成chéng人rén形xíng。 他tā这zhè样yàng苦kǔ修xiū,是shì要yào找zhǎo出chū一yī个gè真zhēn理lǐ来lái。 但dàn是shì六liù年nián之zhī后hòu,他tā认rèn为wéi苦kǔ行háng也yě不bú是shì道dào,就jiù下xià山shān去qù了le。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní来lái到dào恒héng河hé边biān。 瘦shòu弱ruò的de他tā饿è得dé实shí在zài撑chēng不bú住zhù了le,昏hūn倒dǎo在zài河hé边biān。 恰qià好hǎo有yǒu一yī个gè牧mù羊yáng女nǚ经jīng过guò,给gěi他tā吃chī很hěn好hǎo的de乳rǔ酪lào,释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní得dé到dào了le营yíng养yǎng,恢huī复fù了le体tǐ力lì。 但dàn他tā没méi有yǒu办bàn法fǎ找zhǎo到dào一yī个gè能néng够gòu指zhǐ导dǎo他tā的de明míng师shī,便biàn渡dù过guò恒héng河hé来lái到dào一yī棵kē菩pú提tí树shù下xià打dǎ坐zuò,发fā誓shì非fēi成chéng&ldquo无wú上shàng正zhèng等děng正zhèng觉jiào&rdquo不bú可kě,否fǒu则zé便biàn死sǐ在zài那nà里lǐ。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní在zài菩pú提tí树shù下xià打dǎ坐zuò七qī七qī四sì十shí九jiǔ天tiān。 第dì四sì十shí九jiǔ天tiān凌líng晨chén,他tā抬tái头tóu望wàng天tiān,看kàn到dào了le天tiān上shàng的de明míng星xīng。 这zhè一yī望wàng,神shén通tōng与yǔ功gōng能néng瞬shùn间jiān炸zhà开kāi,他tā的de思sī维wéi在zài刹shā那nà间jiān被bèi打dǎ开kāi,一yī下xià子zǐ想xiǎng起qǐ了le自zì己jǐ以yǐ前qián修xiū炼liàn的de东dōng西xī,知zhī道dào了le自zì己jǐ的de前qián世shì今jīn生shēng及jí种zhǒng种zhǒng开kāi悟wù后hòu应yīng该gāi知zhī道dào的de事shì情qíng。 由yóu于yú开kāi悟wù时shí释shì放fàng出chū的de能néng量liàng冲chōng击jī波bō,很hěn大dà的de一yī个gè地dì理lǐ范fàn围wéi在zài释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní开kāi悟wù的de那nà一yī瞬shùn间jiān震zhèn动dòng起qǐ来lái。 当dāng时shí的de人rén认rèn为wéi发fā生shēng了le轻qīng微wēi的de地dì震zhèn、 山shān崩bēng和hé海hǎi啸xiào,其qí实shí是shì释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní佛fó开kāi悟wù所suǒ致zhì。 当dāng然rán,佛fó的de能néng量liàng是shì慈cí悲bēi的de,不bú会huì伤shāng害hài到dào人rén。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní知zhī道dào自zì己jǐ得dé道dào了le,因yīn为wéi他tā已yǐ经jīng具jù备bèi了le开kāi悟wù后hòu的de智zhì慧huì与yǔ能néng力lì。 经jīng过guò十shí二èr年nián艰jiān苦kǔ卓zhuó绝jué的de修xiū行háng,释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní佛fó终zhōng于yú睹dǔ明míng星xīng而ér悟wù道dào。 之zhī后hòu,释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní佛fó便biàn开kāi始shǐ了le四sì十shí九jiǔ年nián的de传chuán法fǎ生shēng涯yá。 释shì迦jiā牟móu尼ní佛fó的de法fǎ门mén的de特tè点diǎn叫jiào作zuò&ldquo戒jiè、 定dìng、 慧huì&rdquo。 戒jiè就jiù是shì戒jiè去qù常cháng人rén中zhōng的de一yī切qiē欲yù望wàng和hé执zhí著zhe,定dìng是shì指zhǐ人rén入rù定dìng修xiū行háng,慧huì是shì指zhǐ人rén开kāi悟wù开kāi慧huì。 大dà藏cáng经jīng多duō少shǎo万wàn卷juàn,都dōu不bú离lí这zhè三sān个gè字zì。 当dāng然rán,它tā具jù体tǐ的de表biǎo述shù铺pù展zhǎn开kāi来lái相xiàng当dāng庞páng杂zá,但dàn其qí实shí质zhì就jiù是shì这zhè三sān个gè字zì。 二èr、 关guān于yú易yì之zhī基jī本běn内nèi涵hán易yì在zài春chūn秋qiū时shí期qī上shàng升shēng为wéi哲zhé学xué并bìng形xíng成chéng其qí庞páng大dà的de体tǐ系xì。 哲zhé学xué是shì意yì识shí文wén化huà形xíng成chéng过guò程chéng中zhōng的de最zuì高gāo形xíng态tài,具jù有yǒu最zuì高gāo的de地dì位wèi和hé作zuò用yòng。 对duì于yú易yì,从cóng其qí字zì面miàn构gòu成chéng为wéi上shàng日rì下xià月yuè,蕴yùn含hán天tiān地dì变biàn化huà之zhī规guī律lǜ。 易yì,古gǔ时shí也yě通tōng蜥xī蜴yì,寓yù变biàn化huà也yě。 我wǒ们men讲jiǎng易yì有yǒu&ldquo三sān易yì&rdquo:一yī是shì不bú易yì:讲jiǎng宇yǔ宙zhòu变biàn化huà周zhōu期qī的de大dà规guī律lǜ。 万wàn物wù变biàn,天tiān道dào规guī律lǜ不bú变biàn,是shì为wéi天tiān道dào二èr是shì简jiǎn易yì:人rén类lèi知zhī变biàn、 应yīng变biàn的de大dà法fǎ则zé故gù易yì不bú仅jǐn仅jǐn是shì预yù测cè学xué,更gèng重zhòng要yào易yì是shì其qí哲zhé学xué形xíng态tài,故gù有yǒu:易yì贯guàn儒rú,道dào、 禅chán,道dào统tǒng天tiān地dì人rén。 易yì为wéi道dào家jiā三sān玄xuán(易yì、 老lǎo、 庄zhuāng)之zhī首shǒu,也yě为wéi儒rú家jiā五wǔ经jīng(易yì、 诗shī、 书shū、 礼lǐ、 春chūn秋qiū)之zhī首shǒu。 我wǒ们men知zhī道dào,中zhōng国guó自zì春chūn秋qiū后hòu,文wén化huà的de正zhèng统tǒng是shì道dào家jiā和hé儒rú家jiā,还hái有yǒu后hòu来lái为wéi易yì打dǎ败bài和hé融róng合hé的de佛fó家jiā,中zhōng国guó的de禅chán。 我wǒ们men也yě从cóng中zhōng看kàn出chū易yì之zhī基jī本běn内nèi涵hán和hé其qí崇chóng高gāo无wú尚shàng的de地dì位wèi。 国guó际jì《 易yì经jīng》 不bú同tóng于yú世shì界jiè任rèn何hé一yī种zhǒng经jīng典diǎn,因yīn为wéi它tā有yǒu一yī套tào符fú号hào系xì统tǒng,其qí即jí&mdash阳yáng爻yáo&ldquo&mdash&mdash&rdquo,&mdash阴yīn爻yáo&ldquo&mdash&mdash&rdquo衍yǎn生shēng而ér成chéng。 太tài极jí生shēng两liǎng仪yí,两liǎng仪yí生shēng四sì象xiàng、 四sì象xiàng生shēng八bā卦guà,八bā卦guà演yǎn六liù十shí卦guà,三sān百bǎi八bā十shí四sì爻yáo。 万wàn物wù之zhī生shēng,负fù阴yīn而ér抱bào阳yáng,阴yīn中zhōng有yǒu阳yáng,阳yáng中zhōng有yǒu阴yīn,莫mò不bú有yǒu太tài极jí,莫mò不bú有yǒu两liǎng仪yí。 易yì同tóng时shí又yòu有yǒu与yǔ符fú号hào系xì统tǒng对duì应yīng的de一yī套tào文wén字zì系xì统tǒng。 即jí&ldquo易yì经jīng&rdquo① 卦guà爻yáo彖tuàn(六liù十shí四sì卦guà,符fú号hào系xì统tǒng)② 卦guà爻yáo辞cí(三sān百bǎi八bā十shí四sì爻yáo,文wén字zì系xì统tǒng)13是shì为wéi周zhōu文wén王wáng所suǒ作zuò&ldquo易yì传chuán&rdquo① &ldquo彖tuàn传chuán&rdquo② &ldquo象xiàng传chuán&rdquo　 ③ &ldquo文wén言yán传chuán&rdquo④ &ldquo系xì辞cí传chuán&rdquo⑤ &ldquo说shuō卦guà传chuán&rdquo⑥ &ldquo序xù卦guà传chuán&rdquo⑦ &ldquo杂zá卦guà传chuán&rdquo其qí七qī篇piān,称chēng为wéi十shí翼yì,为wéi孔kǒng子zǐ作zuò,文wén字zì系xì统tǒng。 易yì之zhī中zhōng心xīn为wéi象xiàng,即jí卦guà象xiàng,故gù有yǒu高gāo人rén看kàn&ldquo象xiàng&rdquo之zhī说shuō,是shì一yī个gè事shì物wù整zhěng和hé基jī本běn的de表biǎo象xiàng,象xiàng有yǒu两liǎng个gè基jī本běn点diǎn:一yī是shì&ldquo辞cí&rdquo,即jí卦guà辞cí和hé爻yáo辞cí一yī为wéi&ldquo意yì&rdquo,代dài表biǎo其qí内nèi涵hán和hé意yì义yì与yǔ想xiǎng法fǎ。 任rèn何hé一yī卦guà(彖tuàn),均jun1包bāo含hán有yǒu三sān才cái,即jí天tiān、 地dì、 人rén任rèn何hé一yī卦guà有yǒu六liù爻yáo,上shàng两liǎng爻yáo喻yù天tiān,中zhōng两liǎng爻yáo喻yù人rén,下xià两liǎng爻yáo喻yù地dì。 我wǒ们men可kě以yǐ从cóng象xiàng,从cóng爻yáo辞cí中zhōng发fā现xiàn事shì物wù的de变biàn化huà及jí规guī律lǜ,看kàn出chū&ldquo不bú易yì&rdquo、 &ldquo简jiǎn易yì&rdquo、 &ldquo变biàn易yì&rdquo,从cóng而ér指zhǐ导dǎo我wǒ们men的de行háng为wéi。 如rú乾qián卦guà之zhī卦guà象xiàng为wéi:天tiān行háng健jiàn,君jun1子zǐ以yǐ自zì强qiáng不bú息xī坤kūn卦guà为wéi:地dì势shì坤kūn,君jun1子zǐ以yǐ厚hòu德dé载zǎi物wù,分fèn别bié为wéi儒rú道dào两liǎng象xiàng之zhī思sī想xiǎng源yuán头tóu。 三sān、 关guān于yú&ldquo易yì&rdquo中zhōng的de大dà智zhì慧huì38571在zài上shàng古gǔ时shí代dài,易yì主zhǔ要yào为wéi卜bo筮shì功gōng能néng,预yù知zhī祸huò福fú,查chá看kàn天tiān文wén、 四sì时shí变biàn化huà,指zhǐ导dǎo国guó事shì农nóng耕gēng及jí战zhàn事shì。 及jí至zhì孔kǒng子zǐ作zuò&ldquo易yì传chuán&rdquo,易yì之zhī作zuò用yòng才cái得dé到dào相xiàng应yīng提tí升shēng,进jìn一yī步bù奠diàn定dìng其qí群qún经jīng之zhī首shǒu的de地dì位wèi,几jǐ千qiān年nián来lái其qí地dì位wèi从cóng未wèi动dòng摇yáo过guò。 孔kǒng子zǐ五wǔ十shí岁suì学xué易yì,感gǎn受shòu&ldquo知zhī天tiān命mìng,无wú大dà过guò也yě&rdquo。 此cǐ时shí易yì之zhī主zhǔ要yào功gōng能néng已yǐ不bú是shì卜bo筮shì,而ér是shì讲jiǎng天tiān地dì宇yǔ宙zhòu社shè会huì发fā展zhǎn之zhī规guī律lǜ,指zhǐ导dǎo人rén们men(圣shèng人rén、 君jun1王wáng)如rú何hé为wéi事shì,治zhì理lǐ国guó家jiā,故gù有yǒu&ldquo易yì为wéi君jun1子zǐ谋móu,不bú为wéi小xiǎo人rén谋móu,善shàn易yì者zhě不bú占zhàn&rdquo之zhī说shuō,因yīn易yì中zhōng蕴yùn含hán天tiān地dì玄xuán机jī,天tiān、 地dì、 人rén三sān才cái,故gù其qí重zhòng要yào的de不bú是shì占zhàn卜bo,而ér是shì在zài国guó家jiā大dà事shì,民mín计jì民mín生shēng,是shì国guó家jiā战zhàn略luè的de指zhǐ导dǎo,这zhè也yě是shì易yì之zhī大dà智zhì慧huì所suǒ在zài。 中zhōng国guó史shǐ上shàng最zuì伟wěi大dà的de史shǐ学xué家jiā两liǎng司sī马mǎ(司sī马mǎ迁qiān、 司sī马mǎ光guāng)最zuì为wéi推tuī崇chóng的de也yě是shì易yì。 汉hàn代dài魏wèi相xiàng(汉hàn宣xuān帝dì宰zǎi相xiàng)将jiāng其qí作zuò为wéi制zhì定dìng国guó策cè和hé理lǐ论lùn基jī础chǔ。 宋sòng朝cháo宰zǎi相xiàng大dà改gǎi革gé家jiā张zhāng居jū正zhèng将jiāng其qí作zuò为wéi每měi夜yè必bì读dú之zhī书shū。 历lì史shǐ上shàng有yǒu不bú读dú易yì,何hé以yǐ为wéi相xiàng之zhī说shuō。 39418易yì讲jiǎng求qiú正zhèng道dào,以yǐ德dé服fú人rén,孔kǒng子zǐ曰yuē君jun1子zǐ有yǒu三sān畏wèi:畏wèi天tiān命mìng,畏wèi大dà人rén,畏wèi古gǔ人rén之zhī言yán。 何hé为wéi君jun1子zǐ,是shì得dé易yì&ldquo精jīng神shén之zhī运yùn,心xīn术shù之zhī动dòng,与yǔ天tiān地dì合hé其qí德dé,与yǔ日rì月yuè合hé其qí明míng,与yǔ四sì时shí合hé其qí序xù,与yǔ鬼guǐ神shén合hé其qí吉jí凶xiōng&ldquo,故gù自zì能néng得dé之zhī道dào,承chéng天tiān命mìng,造zào福fú于yú民mín生shēng。 2004年nián(甲jiǎ申shēn年nián)十shí六liù届jiè四sì中zhōng全quán会huì,提tí出chū构gòu建jiàn和hé谐xié社shè会huì,正zhèng应yīng于yú易yì之zhī&ldquo保bǎo合hé太tài和hé,品pǐn物wù成chéng享xiǎng,万wàn国guó咸xián宁níng。 其qí实shí,2004年nián中zhōng国guó大dà地dì兴xìng起qǐ国guó学xué热rè,2004年nián至zhì2023,按àn中zhōng国guó历lì法fǎ,是shì行háng&ldquo艮gèn&rdquo卦guà运yùn,行háng艮gèn运yùn,国guó学xué兴xìng,国guó家jiā兴xìng,中zhōng国guó迎yíng来lái其qí太tài平píng盛shèng世shì的de千qiān载zǎi良liáng机jī。 &ldquo太tài和hé&rdquo是shì世shì界jiè界jiè之zhī最zuì高gāo境jìng界jiè,&ldquo乾qián道dào(天tiān道dào)变biàn化huà,各gè正zhèng性xìng命mìng,保bǎo合hé太tài和hé,乃nǎi利lì贞zhēn,首shǒu出chū庶shù物wù,万wàn国guó咸xián宁níng,&rdquo同tóng时shí,易yì之zhī精jīng妙miào,亦yì提tí出chū如rú何hé达dá到dào和hé之zhī境jìng界jiè,&ldquo有yǒu象xiàng期qī有yǒu对duì,对duì必bì反fǎn其qí为wéi有yǒu反fǎn斯sī有yǒu仇chóu,仇chóu必bì和hé而ér解jiě&rdquo。 何hé义yì?讲jiǎng万wàn事shì万wàn物wù都dōu有yǒu&ldquo象xiàng&rdquo,同tóng时shí也yě有yǒu其qí对duì立lì面miàn对duì立lì面miàn之zhī行háng为wéi方fāng式shì必bì然rán不bú不bú同tóng,有yǒu不bú同tóng就jiù会huì形xíng成chéng对duì立lì、 矛máo盾dùn、 乃nǎi至zhì仇chóu恨hèn,但dàn解jiě决jué矛máo盾dùn的de最zuì好hǎo方fāng式shì是shì&ldquo和hé而ér解jiě&rdquo。 这zhè非fēi常cháng有yǒu指zhǐ导dǎo意yì义yì,在zài到dào国guó家jiā,小xiǎo至zhì个gè人rén,我wǒ们men为wéi人rén为wéi事shì应yīng遵zūn从cóng这zhè一yī至zhì高gāo原yuán则zé。 有yǒu人rén说shuō,读dú易yì,从cóng乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà开kāi始shǐ,读dú懂dǒng这zhè两liǎng卦guà,也yě就jiù了le解jiě了le易yì之zhī精jīng义yì。 中zhōng华huá文wén化huà的de传chuán承chéng与yǔ延yán绵mián不bú绝jué,正zhèng是shì由yóu于yú乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà的de精jīng神shén,儒rú家jiā道dào家jiā相xiàng互hù作zuò用yòng才cái更gèng加jiā生shēng生shēng不bú息xī,愈yù加jiā光guāng大dà。 乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà所suǒ蕴yùn含hán的de精jīng神shén实shí质zhì上shàng是shì中zhōng化huà文wén化huà的de根gēn本běn,所suǒ蕴yùn含hán的de规guī律lǜ和hé总zǒng体tǐ的de意yì义yì是shì国guó家jiā民mín族zú发fā展zhǎn的de规guī律lǜ和hé要yào义yì,如rú中zhōng国guó有yǒu人rén帝dì王wáng学xué说shuō概gài况kuàng为wéi八bā个gè字zì:&ldquo宽kuān猛měng相xiàng济jì,恩ēn威wēi并bìng施shī&rdquo实shí际jì上shàng是shì儒rú、 道dào两liǎng家jiā精jīng神shén的de运yùn用yòng。 易yì经jīng的de大dà智zhì慧huì前qián面miàn已yǐ谈tán到dào,&ldquo易yì&rdquo是shì讲jiǎng自zì然rán与yǔ社shè会huì发fā展zhǎn的de规guī律lǜ,于yú国guó家jiā具jù有yǒu战zhàn略luè指zhǐ导dǎo的de意yì义yì。 自zì首shǒu卦guà&ldquo乾qián&rdquo卦guà始shǐ,第dì六liù十shí四sì卦guà&ldquo未wèi济jì&rdquo卦guà终zhōng,每měi一yī卦guà都dōu有yǒu其qí内nèi涵hán,指zhǐ导dǎo人rén们men的de进jìn退tuì、 取qǔ舍shě及jí做zuò事shì方fāng法fǎ。 &ldquo善shàn易yì者zhě不bú占zhàn&rdquo&ldquo知zhī进jìn退tuì、 存cún亡wáng、 保bǎo丧sàng,其qí唯wéi圣shèng人rén乎hū&rdquo。 在zài天tiān地dì之zhī间jiān,混hún然rán同tóng处chù的de都dōu是shì我wǒ的de同tóng胞bāo,易yì之zhī书shū,广guǎng大dà悉xī备bèi,有yǒu天tiān道dào,有yǒu地dì道dào,有yǒu人rén道dào,称chēng天tiān人rén合hé一yī,三sān材cái之zhī道dào。 天tiān人rén合hé一yī是shì中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài的de和hé谐xié思sī想xiǎng,不bú能néng破pò坏huài,人rén要yào效xiào法fǎ自zì然rán,人rén类lèi的de东dōng西xī是shì从cóng自zì然rán界jiè引yǐn申shēn出chū来lái的de。 推tuī天tiān道dào以yǐ明míng人rén事shì。 知zhī进jìn而ér不bú知zhī退tuì,知zhī存cún而ér不bú知zhī亡wáng,知zhī保bǎo而ér不bú知zhī丧sàng,为wéi大dà忌jì也yě。 &ldquo周zhōu易yì&rdquo之zhī六liù十shí四sì卦guà,以yǐ乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà为wéi根gēn本běn,因yīn为wéi其qí中zhōng蕴yùn含hán天tiān地dì玄xuán机jī与yǔ规guī律lǜ,演yǎn绎yì的de是shì自zì然rán的de法fǎ则zé。 　 四sì、 关guān于yú八bā卦guà与yǔ六liù十shí四sì卦guà太tài极jí生shēng两liǎng仪yí者zhě,太tài极jí寂jì然rán不bú动dòng,本běn无wú形xíng象xiàng,唯wéi为wéi清qīng净jìng光guāng明míng之zhī体tǐ,此cǐ为wéi无wú生shēng之zhī理lǐ性xìng。 动dòng则zé显xiǎn象xiàng起qǐ用yòng,乃nǎi名míng为wéi生shēng。 所suǒ生shēng之zhī象xiàng,其qí数shù无wú穷qióng,但dàn始shǐ动dòng之zhī际jì,只zhī有yǒu一yī明míng一yī暗àn两liǎng种zhǒng形xíng色sè,明míng色sè为wéi阳yáng,暗àn色sè为wéi阴yīn,因yīn此cǐ称chēng为wéi阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí,仪yí如rú孔kǒng氏shì正zhèng义yì所suǒ释shì,作zuò容róng仪yí讲jiǎng,因yīn其qí尚shàng未wèi成chéng象xiàng,故gù不bú称chēng为wéi两liǎng象xiàng,只zhī称chēng两liǎng仪yí。 但dàn这zhè两liǎng仪yí实shí为wéi四sì象xiàng以yǐ至zhì万wàn象xiàng的de基jī本běn结jié构gòu,万wàn象xiàng即jí由yóu两liǎng仪yí细xì分fèn而ér成chéng,所suǒ以yǐ万wàn象xiàng无wú不bú有yǒu阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí。 万wàn象xiàng之zhī数shù虽suī然rán无wú穷qióng,但dàn基jī本běn之zhī数shù则zé为wéi阳yáng奇qí阴yīn偶ǒu。 伏fú羲xī氏shì画huà卦guà时shí便biàn发fā明míng极jí为wéi简jiǎn单dān的de两liǎng画huà,以yǐ示shì无wú穷qióng无wú尽jìn的de象xiàng数shù之zhī源yuán。 这zhè两liǎng画huà就jiù是shì「 」 、 「 」 。 「 」 为wéi奇qí,象xiàng征zhēng阳yáng,「 」 为wéi偶ǒu,象xiàng征zhēng阴yīn,此cǐ即jí阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí。 两liǎng仪yí生shēng四sì象xiàng者zhě,就jiù是shì阳yáng上shàng加jiā阳yáng「 」 ,名míng为wéi太tài阳yáng。 阳yáng上shàng加jiā阴yīn「 」 ,名míng为wéi少shǎo阴yīn。 阴yīn上shàng加jiā阳yáng「 」 ,名míng为wéi少shǎo阳yáng。 阴yīn上shàng加jiā阴yīn「 」 ,名míng为wéi太tài阴yīn。 阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí过guò于yú单dān纯chún,不bú足zú以yǐ成chéng万wàn象xiàng,万wàn象xiàng都dōu是shì阴yīn中zhōng有yǒu阳yáng,阳yáng中zhōng有yǒu阴yīn,于yú是shì阴yīn阳yáng奇qí偶ǒu从cóng单dān一yī之zhī画huà加jiā为wéi二èr画huà,因yīn而ér出chū现xiàn四sì种zhǒng象xiàng。 四sì象xiàng生shēng八bā卦guà者zhě,就jiù是shì上shàng四sì象xiàng之zhī上shàng再zài加jiā一yī画huà,而ér为wéi三sān画huà的de八bā卦guà。 太tài阳yáng加jiā一yī阳yáng「 」 为wéi乾qián,加jiā一yī阴yīn「 」 为wéi兑duì。 少shǎo阴yīn加jiā一yī阳yáng「 」 为wéi离lí,加jiā一yī阴yīn「 」 为wéi震zhèn。 少shǎo阳yáng加jiā一yī阳yáng「 」 为wéi巽xùn,加jiā一yī阴yīn「 」 为wéi坎kǎn。 太tài阴yīn加jiā一yī阳yáng「 」 为wéi艮gèn,加jiā一yī阴yīn「 」 为wéi坤kūn。 乾qián坤kūn震zhèn巽xùn坎kǎn离lí艮gèn兑duì天tiān地dì雷léi风fēng水shuǐ火huǒ山shān泽zé其qí对duì应yīng象xiàng征zhēng:父fù母mǔ长zhǎng男nán长zhǎng女nǚ中zhōng男nán中zhōng女nǚ少shǎo男nán少shǎo女nǚ首shǒu腹fù足zú股gǔ耳ěr目mù手shǒu口kǒu马mǎ牛niú龙lóng鸡jī豕shǐ雉zhì狗gǒu羊yáng以yǐ上shàng是shì要yào求qiú背bèi下xià来lái的de。 如rú果guǒ以yǐ&ldquo1&rdquo代dài表biǎo阳yáng爻yáo,以yǐ&ldquo0&rdquo代dài表biǎo阴yīn爻yáo,则zé从cóng坤kūn至zhì乾qián则zé分fèn别bié为wéi000, 001, 010 ,011, 100 ,101, 110 ,111,即jí二èr进jìn制zhì,对duì应yīng到dào十shí进jìn制zhì则zé是shì0-7。 故gù当dāng年nián来lái布bù尼ní兹zī看kàn到dào八bā卦guà时shí如rú悟wù天tiān机jī,苦kǔ思sī数shù年nián未wèi得dé其qí解jiě的de他tā顿dùn悟wù,发fā明míng了le二èr进jìn制zhì,奠diàn定dìng了le现xiàn代dài计jì算suàn机jī的de基jī础chǔ,从cóng某mǒu种zhǒng意yì义yì上shàng讲jiǎng,八bā卦guà亦yì是shì二èr进jìn制zhì的de胚pēi胎tāi。 卦guà卦guà相xiàng叠dié,而ér成chéng六liù十shí四sì卦guà,对duì于yú六liù十shí四sì卦guà序xù之zhī排pái列liè,有yǒu多duō种zhǒng释shì义yì,如rú《 系xì辞cí传chuán》 说shuō:&ldquo天tiān地dì氤yīn氲yūn,万wàn物wù化huà醇chún,男nán女nǚ构gòu精jīng,万wàn物wù化huà生shēng&rdquo,认rèn为wéi&ldquo易yì&rdquo之zhī六liù十shí四sì卦guà就jiù是shì讲jiǎng述shù男nán女nǚ构gòu精jīng,化huà生shēng万wàn物wù的de过guò程chéng。 我wǒ认rèn为wéi,卦guà序xù排pái列liè具jù有yǒu多duō重zhòng的de意yì义yì,可kě以yǐ从cóng多duō种zhǒng脉mò络luò梳shū理lǐ,每měi卦guà之zhī间jiān都dōu有yǒu机jī的de联lián系xì,试shì看kàn前qián几jǐ卦guà的de顺shùn序xù。 乾qián、 坤kūn、 屯tún、 蒙méng乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà:天tiān地dì交jiāo合hé,万wàn物wù化huà醇chún,男nán女nǚ构gòu精jīng屯tún卦guà:上shàng为wéi水shuǐ,下xià为wéi雷léi(水shuǐ雷léi屯tún),为wéi万wàn物wù创chuàng生shēng之zhī象xiàng从cóng这zhè四sì卦guà的de顺shùn序xù我wǒ们men可kě以yǐ看kàn出chū,乾qián坤kūn是shì天tiān地dì初chū开kāi,屯tún卦guà是shì万wàn物wù始shǐ生shēng,象xiàng蒙méng则zé不bú同tóng,物wù始shǐ生shēng了le,它tā很hěn艰jiān难nán,就jiù必bì须xū接jiē受shòu启qǐ蒙méng,将jiāng其qí智zhì慧huì开kāi发fā出chū来lái(殷yīn《 易yì经jīng的de智zhì慧huì》 )。 其qí它tā易yì之zhī卦guà序xù均jun1是shì有yǒu机jī相xiàng连lián的de,从cóng卦guà序xù中zhōng我wǒ们men可kě以yǐ看kàn出chū事shì物wù的de发fā生shēng,发fā展zhǎn,壮zhuàng大dà及jí衰shuāi亡wáng的de过guò程chéng,从cóng而ér探tàn寻xún其qí自zì然rán法fǎ则zé及jí事shì物wù变biàn化huà的de规guī律lǜ。 又yòu如rú第dì六liù十shí三sān卦guà为wéi&ldquo既jì济jì&rdquo卦guà,六liù十shí四sì卦guà是shì&ldquo未wèi济jì&rdquo卦guà,&ldquo既jì济jì&rdquo卦guà为wéi水shuǐ上shàng火huǒ下xià,水shuǐ火huǒ即jí济jì&ldquo既jì&rdquo,表biǎo示shì成chéng功gōng,完wán成chéng&ldquo济jì&rdquo有yǒu渡dù的de意yì思sī。 整zhěng卦guà的de意yì思sī就jiù是shì成chéng功gōng的de渡dù过guò了le,完wán成chéng了le。 而ér&ldquo未wèi济jì&rdquo卦guà呢ne,为wéi火huǒ上shàng水shuǐ下xià,又yòu云yún火huǒ水shuǐ未wèi济jì,&ldquo未wèi&rdquo,没méi有yǒu也yě,未wèi济jì,就jiù是shì没méi有yǒu渡dù过guò,没méi有yǒu成chéng功gōng的de意yì思sī。 为wéi什shí么me第dì六liù十shí三sān卦guà已yǐ成chéng功gōng,而ér六liù十shí四sì卦guà又yòu未wèi成chéng功gōng呢ne?这zhè正zhèng是shì易yì经jīng的de智zhì慧huì所suǒ在zài。 从cóng第dì一yī卦guà到dào六liù十shí三sān卦guà,一yī个gè周zhōu期qī,我wǒ们men已yǐ取qǔ得dé了le阶jiē段duàn的de成chéng功gōng,同tóng时shí又yòu有yǒu一yī个gè新xīn的de起qǐ点diǎn,新xīn的de开kāi端duān,重zhòng新xīn开kāi始shǐ一yī个gè新xīn的de周zhōu期qī,自zì然rán是shì未wèi济jì了le,这zhè是shì&ldquo易yì&rdquo的de变biàn与yǔ不bú变biàn的de道dào理lǐ,也yě揭jiē示shì事shì物wù之zhī发fā生shēng发fā展zhǎn,周zhōu而ér复fù始shǐ,螺luó旋xuán前qián进jìn的de规guī律lǜ,这zhè就jiù是shì易yì给gěi我wǒ们men的de启qǐ示shì。 3乾qián卦guà的de智zhì慧huì国guó前qián面miàn谈tán到dào,易yì之zhī最zuì重zhòng要yào的de是shì乾qián坤kūn两liǎng卦guà,下xià面miàn对duì之zhī卦guà做zuò一yī简jiǎn单dān描miáo述shù。 　 乾qián卦guà　 在zài六liù十shí四sì卦guà中zhōng,乾qián卦guà的de卦guà形xíng为wéi六liù个gè阳yáng爻yáo&ldquo&rdquo,即jí:&ldquo&rdquo　 上shàng九jiǔ初chū九jiǔ国guó　 乾qián卦guà:元yuán亨hēng利lì贞zhēn乾qián卦guà排pái序xù是shì初chū九jiǔ、 九jiǔ二èr、 九jiǔ三sān、 九jiǔ四sì、 九jiǔ五wǔ、 上shàng九jiǔ、 奇qí数shù们men为wéi阳yáng位wèi,偶ǒu数shù为wéi阴yīn位wèi(易yì中zhōng,阳yáng爻yáo用yòng九jiǔ表biǎo示shì,阴yīn爻yáo用yòng六liù表biǎo示shì,最zuì下xià的de阳yáng爻yáo叫jiào初chū九jiǔ,阴yīn爻yáo为wéi初chū六liù最zuì上shàng阳yáng爻yáo叫jiào上shàng九jiǔ,阴yīn爻yáo为wéi上shàng六liù从cóng二èr至zhì五wǔ爻yáo将jiāng九jiǔ或huò六liù放fàng在zài前qián面miàn)。 先xiān看kàn乾qián卦guà之zhī六liù爻yáo爻yáo辞cí初chū九jiǔ:潜qián龙lóng勿wù用yòng。 阳yáng在zài地dì下xià,潜qián伏fú的de龙lóng不bú要yào乱luàn动dòng,要yào等děng待dài时shí机jī。 九jiǔ二èr:见jiàn(通tōng现xiàn)龙lóng在zài田tián,利lì见jiàn大dà人rén。 潜qián龙lóng出chū地dì面miàn,有yǒu机jī会huì崭zhǎn露lù头tóu角jiǎo了le,九jiǔ二èr爻yáo居jū下xià位wèi,虽suī不bú当dāng位wèi,但dàn居jū中zhōng位wèi,刚gāng而ér能néng柔róu,柔róu而ér能néng刚gāng,故gù有yǒu利lì于yú用yòng拜bài见jiàn大dà人rén因yīn其qí的de当dāng位wèi,还hái需xū要yào一yī个gè较jiào长zhǎng的de过guò程chéng和hé努nǔ力lì。 　 九jiǔ三sān:君jun1子zǐ终zhōng日rì乾qián乾qián,夕xī惕tì若ruò,万wàn无wú咎jiù。 乾qián乾qián,前qián进jìn又yòu前qián进jìn,谨jǐn慎shèn又yòu谨jǐn慎shèn,早zǎo晚wǎn警jǐng惕tì,怀huái忧yōu患huàn意yì识shí,虽suī有yǒu危wēi机jī,但dàn不bú会huì有yǒu过guò错cuò,不bú会huì有yǒu祸huò事shì。 从cóng九jiǔ二èr到dào九jiǔ三sān爻yáo我wǒ们men可kě以yǐ看kàn出chū,虽suī然rán出chū现xiàn机jī会huì,但dàn须xū&ldquo终zhōng日rì乾qián乾qián&rdquo,方fāng可kě有yǒu进jìn一yī步bù行háng动dòng的de机jī九jiǔ四sì:或huò跃yuè在zài渊yuān,无wú咎jiù。 或huò,有yǒu时shí也yě,在zài,从cóng也yě。 即jí龙lóng在zài渊yuān得dé水shuǐ,有yǒu时shí可kě从cóng中zhōng跃yuè出chū,这zhè是shì一yī个gè非fēi常cháng复fù杂zá,让ràng人rén疑yí惑huò的de环huán境jìng,不bú会huì有yǒu错cuò,但dàn需xū头tóu脑nǎo清qīng楚chǔ,审shěn时shí度dù势shì,当dāng进jìn则zé进jìn,当dāng退tuì则zé　 九jiǔ五wǔ:飞fēi龙lóng在zài天tiān,利lì见jiàn大dà人rén。 九jiǔ是shì阳yáng数shù最zuì高gāo位wèi,五wǔ是shì阳yáng数shù最zuì中zhōng位wèi,虽suī高gāo但dàn居jū中zhōng,故gù为wéi尊zūn。 龙lóng在zài天tiān,得dé其qí正zhèng位wèi,故gù有yǒu利lì于yú大dà众zhòng,大dà业yè已yǐ成chéng。 上shàng九jiǔ,亢kàng龙lóng有yǒu悔huǐ。 象xiàng曰yuē:&ldquo亢kàng龙lóng不bú悔huǐ,盈yíng不bú可kě久jiǔ&rdquo。 即jí此cǐ时shí阳yáng气qì将jiāng消xiāo,阴yīn气qì将jiāng长zhǎng,&ldquo亢kàng龙lóng&rdquo由yóu于yú只zhī知zhī进jìn不bú知zhī退tuì,贵guì而ér无wú位wèi,盛shèng极jí必bì衰shuāi,其qí结jié果guǒ超chāo越yuè了le自zì身shēn极jí限xiàn,自zì然rán&ldquo有yǒu悔huǐ&rdquo了le。 27782前qián面miàn谈tán到dào,乾qián卦guà精jīng神shén实shí际jì上shàng是shì儒rú家jiā精jīng神shén,何hé以yǐ见jiàn得dé,看kàn孔kǒng子zǐ的de彖tuàn辞cí。 　 彖tuàn曰yuē:&ldquo大dà哉zāi乾qián元yuán,万wàn物wù资zī始shǐ,乃nǎi统tǒng天tiān。 云yún行háng雨yǔ施shī,品pǐn物wù流liú行háng。 大dà明míng终zhōng始shǐ,六liù位wèi时shí成chéng,时shí乘chéng六liù龙lóng以yǐ御yù大dà。 乾qián道dào变biàn化huà,各gè正zhèng性xìng命mìng。 保bǎo合hé太tài和hé,乃nǎi利lì贞zhēn。 首shǒu出chū庶shù物wù,万wàn国guó咸xián宁níng&rdquo。 此cǐ对duì其qí作zuò一yī简jiǎn单dān解jiě释shì。 &ldquo资zī&rdquo凭píng借jiè,即jí万wàn物wù以yǐ此cǐ开kāi始shǐ&ldquo云yún行háng雨yǔ施shī&rdquo指zhǐ阳yáng阴yīn交jiāo合hé,万wàn物wù乃nǎi成chéng。 大dà明míng,指zhǐ日rì月yuè,&ldquo终zhōng始shǐ&rdquo,周zhōu而ér复fù始shǐ&ldquo六liù位wèi&rdquo指zhǐ初chū爻yáo至zhì上shàng爻yáo的de位wèi置zhì,六liù龙lóng指zhǐ潜qián龙lóng,见jiàn龙lóng、 惕tì龙lóng、 跃yuè龙lóng、 飞fēi龙lóng、 亢kàng龙lóng。 性xìng命mìng,即jí天tiān命mìng,故gù天tiān道dào变biàn化huà,各gè正zhèng性xìng命mìng,而ér达dá到dào保bǎo合hé、 太tài和hé、 万wàn国guó咸xián宁níng..以yǐ下xià是shì伏fú羲xī六liù十shí四sì卦guà卦guà象xiàng大dà意yì概gài说shuō:1.干gàn为wéi天tiān:天tiān行háng刚gāng健jiàn,自zì强qiáng不bú息xī,择zé善shàn固gù执zhí。 2.天tiān泽zé履lǚ:如rú履lǚ虎hǔ尾wěi,险xiǎn中zhōng求qiú胜shèng,有yǒu想xiǎng不bú开kāi的de倾qīng向xiàng。 3.天tiān火huǒ同tóng人rén:同tóng流liú集jí结jié,正zhèng心xīn诚chéng意yì,与yǔ人rén和hé同tóng,二èr人rén同tóng心xīn,其qí利lì断duàn金jīn。 4.天tiān雷léi无wú妄wàng:真zhēn实shí无wú虚xū妄wàng。 5.天tiān风fēng姤gòu:邂xiè逅hòu之zhī意yì,因yīn缘yuán际jì会huì,随suí缘yuán聚jù散sàn。 6.天tiān水shuǐ讼sòng:两liǎng败bài俱jù伤shāng,久jiǔ争zhēng无wú益yì,官guān司sī牢láo狱yù,婚hūn姻yīn障zhàng碍ài。 7.天tiān山shān遯dùn:逃táo避bì,宜yí退tuì不bú宜yí进jìn,乌wū云yún密mì布bù,独dú善shàn其qí身shēn,修xiū身shēn养yǎng诲huì。 8.天tiān地dì否fǒu:阴yīn阳yáng不bú交jiāo,闭bì塞sāi不bú通tōng,上shàng下xià不bú和hé。 9.泽zé天tiān夬guài:决jué裂liè、 切qiē断duàn,宜yí提tí高gāo警jǐng觉jiào,亏kuī中zhōng有yǒu益yì,先xiān损sǔn后hòu益yì。 10.兑duì为wéi泽zé:喜xǐ悦yuè,天tiān降jiàng甘gān泽zé,使shǐ人rén怡yí悦yuè。 11.泽zé火huǒ革gé:改gǎi革gé、 革gé除chú,改gǎi旧jiù纳nà新xīn。 12.泽zé雷léi随suí:跟gēn随suí,随suí机jī,忌jì独dú断duàn独dú行háng。 13.泽zé风fēng大dà过guò:犯fàn大dà过guò错cuò,力lì弱ruò不bú支zhī,力lì不bú从cóng心xīn,负fù担dān过guò重zhòng。 14.泽zé水shuǐ困kùn:受shòu困kùn,龙lóng游yóu浅qiǎn滩tān遭zāo虾xiā戏xì。 15.泽zé山shān咸xián:感gǎn动dòng、 感gǎn应yīng,少shǎo男nán少shǎo女nǚ彼bǐ此cǐ好hǎo感gǎn,或huò新xīn婚hūn燕yàn尔ěr。 16.泽zé地dì萃cuì:聚jù集jí精jīng华huá,滋zī养yǎng草cǎo木mù,生shēng长zhǎng茂mào盛shèng,群qún英yīng荟huì萃cuì。 17.火huǒ天tiān大dà有yǒu:如rú日rì中zhōng天tiān,遍biàn照zhào大dà地dì万wàn物wù,事shì业yè佳jiā。 18.火huǒ泽zé睽kuí:二èr女nǚ同tóng居jū,阴yīn阳yáng失shī调diào,乖guāi离lí、 猜cāi忌jì、 离lí异yì,两liǎng情qíng相xiàng违wéi。 19.离lí为wéi火huǒ:光guāng明míng华huá丽lì,上shàng下xià通tōng明míng,但dàn有yǒu点diǎn不bú实shí在zài不bú确què定dìng。 20.火huǒ雷léi噬shì嗑kē:口kǒu中zhōng有yǒu物wù,必bì须xū努nǔ力lì咬yǎo断duàn,才cái能néng合hé拢lǒng,象xiàng征zhēng诸zhū事shì不bú顺shùn,务wù必bì辛xīn苦kǔ克kè服fú,才cái有yǒu成chéng功gōng的de机jī会huì。 21.火huǒ风fēng鼎dǐng:鼎dǐng为wéi烹pēng饪rèn之zhī具jù,以yǐ鼎dǐng器qì烹pēng调diào食shí物wù,象xiàng征zhēng去qù旧jiù立lì新xīn,改gǎi过guò迁qiān善shàn。 22.火huǒ水shuǐ未wèi济jì:阴yīn阳yáng失shī调diào,上shàng下xià不bú通tōng,尚shàng未wèi到dào成chéng功gōng的de时shí候hòu。 23.火huǒ山shān旅lǚ:旅lǚ行háng,象xiàng征zhēng不bú安ān,或huò是shì诸zhū事shì变biàn动dòng不bú定dìng。 24.火huǒ地dì晋jìn:加jiā官guān晋jìn禄lù,日rì出chū地dì平píng面miàn,照zhào临lín大dà地dì,光guāng明míng上shàng进jìn,更gèng上shàng层céng楼lóu,考kǎo试shì上shàng榜bǎng。 25.雷léi天tiān大dà壮zhuàng:壮zhuàng大dà,雷léi声shēng响xiǎng亮liàng天tiān际jì,正zhèng大dà光guāng明míng。 26.雷léi泽zé归guī妹mèi:归guī即jí出chū嫁jià之zhī意yì,少shǎo女nǚ配pèi长zhǎng男nán,或huò是shì浮fú云yún蔽bì日rì。 27.雷léi火huǒ丰fēng:大dà丰fēng收shōu,文wén采cǎi丰fēng盛shèng,赢yíng得dé广guǎng大dà的de庆qìng贺hè与yǔ赞zàn誉yù。 28.震zhèn为wéi雷léi:震zhèn动dòng、 变biàn动dòng、 震zhèn惊jīng。 29.雷léi风fēng恒héng:恒héng常cháng、 持chí久jiǔ、 万wàn事shì亨hēng通tōng,应yīng该gāi安ān守shǒu本běn份fèn,永yǒng恒héng不bú变biàn的de努nǔ力lì,避bì免miǎn妄wàng动dòng招zhāo灾zāi。 30.雷léi水shuǐ解jiě:解jiě除chú困kùn难nán,冬dōng去qù春chūn来lái,春chūn雷léi行háng雨yǔ,再zài现xiàn生shēng机jī。 31.雷léi山shān小xiǎo过guò:飞fēi鸟niǎo遗yí音yīn,密mì云yún不bú雨yǔ,雷léi声shēng被bèi山shān阻zǔ隔gé,雷léi声shēng减jiǎn小xiǎo,上shàng逆nì下xià顺shùn,宜yí做zuò小xiǎo事shì,大dà事shì不bú宜yí。 32.雷léi地dì豫yù:安ān乐lè和hé豫yù,万wàn物wù欣xīn欣xīn向xiàng荣róng,凡fán事shì应yīng有yǒu备bèi而ér战zhàn。 33.风fēng天tiān小xiǎo畜chù:密mì云yún不bú雨yǔ,蓄xù养yǎng实shí力lì,实shí力lì有yǒu限xiàn,力lì不bú从cóng心xīn,故gù宜yí忍rěn耐nài,以yǐ待dài天tiān时shí,时shí机jī到dào则zé有yǒu小xiǎo斩zhǎn获huò。 34.风fēng泽zé中zhōng孚fú:诚chéng信xìn,风fēng吹chuī在zài水shuǐ泽zé上shàng面miàn,水shuǐ泽zé必bì相xiàng应yīng共gòng鸣míng而ér兴xìng波bō。 35.风fēng火huǒ家jiā人rén:家jiā庭tíng伦lún理lǐ,团tuán聚jù,喜xǐ庆qìng,添tiān丁dīng婚hūn嫁jià,终zhōng成chéng美měi眷juàn。 家jiā人rén同tóng心xīn协xié力lì,开kāi花huā结jié果guǒ与yǔ发fā展zhǎn。 36.风fēng雷léi益yì:利lì益yì,得dé助zhù,损sǔn上shàng益yì下xià,有yǒu所suǒ往wǎng有yǒu利lì。 渡dù大dà河hé有yǒu利lì。 37.巽xùn为wéi风fēng:风fēng为wéi无wú孔kǒng不bú入rù,但dàn应yīng卑bēi顺shùn行háng事shì,风fēng行háng草cǎo偃yǎn,上shàng行háng下xià效xiào。 38.风fēng水shuǐ涣huàn:涣huàn散sàn,冰bīng雪xuě消xiāo解jiě。 但dàn利lì涉shè大dà川chuān。 39.风fēng山shān渐jiàn:山shān上shàng种zhǒng树shù木mù,逐zhú渐jiàn成chéng长zhǎng,比bǐ喻yù量liàng力lì循xún序xù渐jiàn进jìn,不bú可kě勉miǎn强qiáng,则zé能néng渐jiàn入rù佳jiā境jìng。 40.风fēng地dì观guān:景jǐng物wù可kě观guān,百bǎi花huā齐qí放fàng,可kě周zhōu游yóu观guān览lǎn。 41.水shuǐ天tiān需xū:期qī待dài,云yún于yú天tiān上shàng而ér未wèi雨yǔ,不bú能néng躁zào进jìn,应yīng等děng待dài时shí机jī。 42.水shuǐ泽zé节jiē:节jiē制zhì,泽zé为wéi蓄xù水shuǐ池chí,可kě蓄xù积jī水shuǐ份fèn不bú使shǐ流liú失shī,亦yì可kě约yuē束shù河hé流liú不bú使shǐ泛fàn滥làn,象xiàng征zhēng有yǒu原yuán则zé、 勤qín检jiǎn克kè己jǐ。 43.水shuǐ火huǒ既jì济jì:象xiàng征zhēng成chéng功gōng,或huò是shì金jīn榜bǎng提tí名míng,但dàn应yīng防fáng物wù极jí必bì反fǎn,初chū吉jí后hòu凶xiōng。 44.水shuǐ雷léi屯tún:身shēn处chù困kùn境jìng,艰jiān辛xīn的de步bù步bù为wéi营yíng,欲yù进jìn却què不bú得dé进jìn。 45.水shuǐ风fēng井jǐng:利lì用yòng汲jí器qì入rù井jǐng取qǔ水shuǐ,象xiàng征zhēng用yòng贤xián,但dàn无wú法fǎ进jìn取qǔ主zhǔ动dòng,不bú如rú处chù之zhī泰tài然rán。 46.坎kǎn为wéi水shuǐ:危wēi机jī重zhòng重zhòng,险xiǎn恶è,向xiàng下xià内nèi敛liǎn,进jìn退tuì两liǎng难nán,应yīng沉chén着zhe应yīng付fù。 47.水shuǐ山shān蹇jiǎn:前qián有yǒu深shēn水shuǐ险xiǎn陷xiàn,后hòu有yǒu高gāo山shān阻zǔ拦lán,进jìn退tuì维wéi谷gǔ,如rú跛bǒ脚jiǎo走zǒu路lù,象xiàng征zhēng辛xīn苦kǔ、 艰jiān难nán。 48.水shuǐ地dì比bǐ:比bǐ邻lín相xiàng辅fǔ相xiàng成chéng,和hé乐lè亲qīn切qiē,众zhòng星xīng拱gǒng月yuè。 49.山shān天tiān大dà畜chù:积jī小xiǎo成chéng大dà,不bú可kě好hǎo高gāo骛wù远yuǎn,应yīng脚jiǎo踏tà实shí地dì,可kě有yǒu大dà斩zhǎn获huò。 50.山shān泽zé损sǔn:折shé损sǔn,惹rě祸huò,破pò财cái。 51.山shān火huǒ贲bēn:装zhuāng饰shì,美měi化huà,日rì落luò西xī山shān,虽suī然rán灿càn烂làn,但dàn光guāng明míng渐jiàn消xiāo失shī。 52.山shān雷léi颐yí:颐yí养yǎng,接jiē受shòu供gòng养yǎng,有yǒu依yī靠kào,有yǒu贤xián内nèi助zhù或huò好hǎo先xiān生shēng。 53.山shān风fēng蛊gǔ:物wù腐fǔ虫chóng生shēng,四sì处chù留liú情qíng,烦fán恼nǎo徒tú增zēng。 54.山shān水shuǐ蒙méng:启qǐ蒙méng,教jiāo育yù,最zuì初chū时shí像xiàng童tóng蒙méng般bān迷mí惑huò,因yīn此cǐ凡fán事shì应yīng多duō听tīng取qǔ别bié人rén意yì见jiàn。 55.艮gèn为wéi山shān:两liǎng座zuò山shān阻zǔ塞sāi前qián路lù,象xiàng征zhēng停tíng止zhǐ不bú动dòng,或huò是shì保bǎo守shǒu稳wěn重zhòng,宜yí止zhǐ不bú宜yí进jìn。 56.山shān地dì剥bāo:剥bāo落luò,山shān在zài地dì面miàn,山shān石shí崩bēng落luò,正zhèng义yì被bèi损sǔn,倒dǎo霉méi。 57.地dì天tiān泰tài:上shàng下xià和hé睦mù,平píng安ān吉jí祥xiáng,亨hēng通tōng无wú阻zǔ,泰tài平píng。 58.地dì泽zé临lín:君jun1临lín,贵guì人rén大dà驾jià光guāng临lín。 地dì面miàn的de水shuǐ流liú进jìn水shuǐ泽zé,水shuǐ泽zé的de水shuǐ灌guàn溉gài地dì面miàn,相xiàng辅fǔ相xiàng成chéng,生shēng生shēng不bú息xī。 59.地dì火huǒ明míng夷yí:太tài阳yáng沉chén没méi在zài地dì平píng面miàn之zhī下xià,黑hēi暗àn时shí代dài,身shēn心xīn伤shāng害hài,应yīng韬tāo光guāng养yǎng晦huì。 60.地dì雷léi复fù:恢huī复fù健jiàn康kāng,春chūn回huí大dà地dì,一yī元yuán复fù始shǐ,万wàn象xiàng更gèng新xīn。 61.地dì风fēng升shēng:上shàng升shēng,树shù木mù从cóng地dì上shàng向xiàng上shàng成chéng长zhǎng,象xiàng征zhēng勇yǒng往wǎng直zhí前qián,或huò名míng利lì双shuāng收shōu,发fā展zhǎn进jìn升shēng。 62.地dì水shuǐ师shī:率lǜ军jun1作zuò战zhàn,出chū师shī攻gōng伐fá。 63.地dì山shān谦qiān:代dài表biǎo谦qiān逊xùn,山shān本běn在zài地dì面miàn上shàng,却què像xiàng宝bǎo藏cáng一yī般bān埋mái在zài地dì下xià,像xiàng个gè谦qiān谦qiān君jun1子zǐ,让ràng人rén觉jiào得dé其qí人rén虚xū怀huái若ruò谷gǔ。 64.坤kūn为wéi地dì:象xiàng征zhēng柔róu顺shùn与yǔ包bāo容róng,大dà地dì包bāo容róng万wàn物wù,以yǐ德dé服fú众zhòng,以yǐ柔róu制zhì刚gāng。 《 周zhōu易yì》 和hé阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō&mdash&mdash中zhōng国guó观guān念niàn(思sī想xiǎng)文wén化huà的de产chǎn生shēng一yī、 《 周zhōu易yì》 和hé中zhōng国guó文wén化huà基jī本běn精jīng神shén   中zhōng国guó文wén化huà经jīng过guò长zhǎng时shí间jiān的de孕yùn育yù之zhī后hòu,比bǐ较jiào系xì统tǒng化huà和hé理lǐ论lùn化huà的de思sī想xiǎng文wén化huà在zài殷yīn周zhōu之zhī际jì形xíng成chéng的de《 周zhōu易yì》 里lǐ终zhōng于yú诞dàn生shēng了le,这zhè是shì目mù前qián中zhōng国guó学xué术shù界jiè比bǐ较jiào一yī致zhì的de看kàn法fǎ。   1、 《 周zhōu易yì》 其qí书shū  《 易yì》 有yǒu三sān种zhǒng,夏xià曰yuē《 连lián山shān》 ,殷yīn曰yuē《 归guī藏cáng》 ,周zhōu曰yuē《 周zhōu易yì》 ,但dàn只zhī有yǒu《 周zhōu易yì》 流liú传chuán下xià来lái。 《 周zhōu易yì》 是shì中zhōng国guó一yī部bù传chuán世shì最zuì早zǎo的de完wán整zhěng的de古gǔ籍jí。 它tā反fǎn映yìng的de是shì中zhōng国guó早zǎo期qī符fú号hào文wén化huà,是shì一yī部bù以yǐ占zhàn卜bo为wéi形xíng式shì、 以yǐ符fú号hào文wén字zì表biǎo示shì上shàng古gǔ朴pǔ素sù的de科kē学xué思sī想xiǎng和hé文wén化huà精jīng神shén的de奇qí书shū。 至zhì于yú它tā的de作zuò者zhě,最zuì早zǎo最zuì传chuán统tǒng的de看kàn法fǎ是shì:伏fú羲xī画huà八bā卦guà,周zhōu文wén王wáng作zuò六liù十shí四sì卦guà,周zhōu公gōng旦dàn写xiě卜bo辞cí,孔kǒng子zǐ撰zhuàn传chuán(十shí翼yì),这zhè是shì有yǒu名míng的de&ldquo时shí历lì三sān古gǔ,人rén更gèng四sì圣shèng&rdquo故gù事shì。 不bú过guò此cǐ说shuō早zǎo已yǐ被bèi否fǒu定dìng。 《 周zhōu易yì·系xì辞cí》 中zhōng自zì己jǐ就jiù说shuō:&ldquo易yì之zhī兴xìng也yě,其qí于yú中zhōng古gǔ乎hū?作zuò易yì者zhě,其qí有yǒu忧yōu患huàn乎hū?&rdquo&ldquo易yì之zhī兴xìng也yě,其qí当dāng殷yīn之zhī末mò世shì、 周zhōu之zhī盛shèng德dé耶yē?当dāng文wén王wáng与yǔ纣zhòu之zhī事shì耶yē?&rdquo可kě见jiàn当dāng时shí就jiù不bú清qīng楚chǔ了le。 现xiàn在zài看kàn来lái,《 周zhōu易yì》 只zhī能néng看kàn作zuò是shì上shàng古gǔ三sān代dài中zhōng国guó文wén化huà人rén集jí体tǐ智zhì慧huì的de结jié晶jīng。 书shū中zhōng还hái有yǒu&ldquo子zǐ曰yuē&rdquo字zì样yàng,能néng说shuō是shì孔kǒng子zǐ所suǒ作zuò吗ma?  2、 《 周zhōu易yì》 的de结jié构gòu与yǔ体tǐ例lì  &ldquo易yì&rdquo有yǒu变biàn易yì、 简jiǎn易yì、 不bú易yì三sān种zhǒng含hán义yì。 &ldquo周zhōu&rdquo有yǒu周zhōu朝cháo、 周zhōu密mì之zhī意yì。 其qí内nèi容róng由yóu经jīng和hé传chuán两liǎng部bù分fèn构gòu成chéng。 《 易yì经jīng》 是shì主zhǔ体tǐ部bù分fèn,形xíng成chéng于yú殷yīn周zhōu之zhī际jì,由yóu六liù十shí四sì卦guà和hé三sān百bǎi八bā十shí四sì爻yáo组zǔ成chéng。 《 易yì传chuán》 是shì对duì《 易yì经jīng》 的de最zuì早zǎo解jiě说shuō,共gòng有yǒu十shí篇piān,统tǒng称chēng《 十shí翼yì》 (《 彖tuàn传chuán》 上shàng、 下xià,《 象xiàng传chuán》 上shàng、 下xià,《 系xì辞cí》 上shàng、 下xià,《 文wén言yán》 ,《 说shuō挂guà传chuán》 ,《 序xù挂guà传chuán》 ,《 杂zá挂guà传chuán》 ),相xiàng传chuán为wéi孔kǒng子zǐ所suǒ作zuò,孔kǒng子zǐ刻kè苦kǔ钻zuàn研yán,流liú下xià了le&ldquo韦wéi编biān三sān绝jué&rdquo的de故gù事shì。 近jìn人rén研yán究jiū,《 易yì传chuán》 大dà抵dǐ是shì战zhàn国guó至zhì秦qín汉hàn之zhī际jì的de儒rú家jiā作zuò品pǐn。 (孔kǒng子zǐ说shuō:&ldquo五wǔ十shí以yǐ学xué《 易yì》 ,可kě以yǐ无wú大dà过guò矣yǐ。 &rdquo)  3、 《 周zhōu易yì》 的de基jī本běn内nèi容róng  三sān字zì概gài括kuò:象xiàng、 数shù、 言yán。 象xiàng为wéi卦guà象xiàng,共gòng六liù十shí四sì挂guà象xiàng,由yóu八bā卦guà演yǎn化huà而ér来lái。 数shù为wéi易yì数shù或huò筮shì数shù,即jí以yǐ数shù字zì的de运yùn算suàn变biàn化huà来lái观guān察chá自zì然rán界jiè和hé宇yǔ宙zhòu。 言yán为wéi经jīng文wén,即jí卦guà辞cí和hé爻yáo辞cí。 八bā卦guà及jí所suǒ代dài表biǎo的de八bā种zhǒng物wù质zhì如rú下xià:    象xiàng、 数shù、 言yán三sān者zhě是shì统tǒng一yī的de,象xiàng是shì本běn体tǐ,数shù是shì变biàn化huà或huò纽niǔ带dài,言yán是shì说shuō明míng。 它tā们men的de关guān系xì如rú下xià:   混hún沌dùn的de太tài极jí(图tú片piàn天tiān地dì自zì然rán太tài极jí图tú、 流liú行háng太tài极jí图tú)&rarr生shēng两liǎng仪yí(阳yáng·奇qí和hé阴yīn·耦ǒu)&rarr生shēng四sì象xiàng(太tài阳yáng、 太tài阴yīn、 少shǎo阳yáng、 少shǎo阴yīn)&rarr生shēng八bā卦guà&rarr八bā卦guà定dìng吉jí凶xiōng,吉jí凶xiōng生shēng大dà业yè。     在zài《 周zhōu易yì》 里lǐ,八bā卦guà与yǔ六liù十shí四sì卦guà的de象xiàng即jí符fú号hào被bèi用yòng来lái反fǎn映yìng天tiān地dì万wàn物wù和hé东dōng西xī南nán北běi各gè个gè方fāng向xiàng、 春chūn夏xià秋qiū冬dōng各gè个gè季jì节jiē的de交jiāo替tì变biàn化huà以yǐ及jí干gàn支zhī历lì法fǎ时shí辰chén的de演yǎn变biàn与yǔ计jì算suàn等děng等děng,并bìng且qiě都dōu是shì象xiàng、 数shù、 言yán三sān者zhě的de统tǒng一yī(图tú片piàn四sì象xiàng太tài极jí图tú、 节jiē气qì太tài极jí图tú)。 比bǐ如rú下xià面miàn两liǎng个gè图tú:4、 《 周zhōu易yì》 的de基jī本běn文wén化huà观guān念niàn或huò精jīng神shén   揭jiē开kāi《 周zhōu易yì》 卜bo筮shì怪guài奇qí迷mí离lí的de神shén秘mì主zhǔ义yì面miàn纱shā,可kě以yǐ看kàn到dào中zhōng华huá先xiān民mín对duì天tiān地dì万wàn物wù和hé社shè会huì以yǐ及jí人rén生shēng的de思sī索suǒ结jié果guǒ,它tā所suǒ记jì录lù的de是shì中zhōng华huá先xiān民mín无wú所suǒ不bú包bāo的de文wén明míng成chéng就jiù和hé文wén化huà结jié晶jīng。 所suǒ以yǐ,《 周zhōu易yì》 堪kān称chēng中zhōng国guó上shàng古gǔ三sān代dài文wén化huà的de百bǎi科kē大dà典diǎn,它tā对duì后hòu世shì诸zhū子zǐ百bǎi家jiā尤yóu其qí是shì儒rú道dào两liǎng家jiā学xué说shuō影yǐng响xiǎng至zhì深shēn,中zhōng国guó文wén化huà中zhōng许xǔ多duō基jī本běn观guān念niàn或huò精jīng神shén都dōu已yǐ初chū步bù形xíng成chéng。 这zhè里lǐ仅jǐn叙xù其qí要yào者zhě:   ① 刚gāng健jiàn有yǒu为wéi的de人rén生shēng观guān:《 周zhōu易yì·乾qián卦guà·象xiàng传chuán》 里lǐ说shuō:&ldquo天tiān行háng健jiàn,君jun1子zǐ以yǐ自zì强qiáng不bú息xī&rdquo,在zài《 彖tuàn传chuán》 中zhōng解jiě释shì需xū卦guà、 大dà有yǒu卦guà、 大dà畜chù卦guà时shí又yòu分fèn别bié说shuō:&ldquo刚gāng健jiàn而ér不bú馅xiàn,其qí义yì不bú困kùn穷qióng矣yǐ&rdquo,&ldquo其qí德dé刚gāng健jiàn而ér文wén明míng,应yīng乎hū天tiān而ér时shí行háng&rdquo,&ldquo刚gāng健jiàn笃dǔ实shí辉huī光guāng,日rì新xīn其qí德dé&rdquo。 刚gāng健jiàn有yǒu为wéi、 自zì强qiáng不bú息xī、 日rì新xīn其qí德dé,就jiù可kě以yǐ推tuī动dòng事shì物wù或huò社shè会huì不bú断duàn向xiàng前qián发fā展zhǎn。 这zhè正zhèng是shì中zhōng华huá民mín族zú最zuì基jī本běn的de也yě是shì最zuì重zhòng要yào的de文wén化huà精jīng神shén。    ② 法fǎ象xiàng天tiān地dì、 厚hòu德dé载zǎi物wù的de崇chóng德dé观guān:君jun1子zǐ有yǒu道dào,法fǎ象xiàng天tiān地dì,厚hòu德dé载zǎi物wù,以yǐ德dé育yù人rén,这zhè是shì中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de又yòu一yī基jī本běn精jīng神shén。 《 周zhōu易yì·坤kūn卦guà·象xiàng传chuán》 里lǐ说shuō:&ldquo地dì势shì坤kūn,君jun1子zǐ以yǐ厚hòu德dé载zǎi物wù&rdquo。 《 周zhōu易yì·系xì辞cí传chuán下xià》 说shuō:&ldquo古gǔ者zhě包bāo牺xī氏shì之zhī王wáng天tiān下xià也yě,仰yǎng则zé观guān象xiàng于yú天tiān,俯fǔ则zé观guān法fǎ于yú地dì,观guān鸟niǎo兽shòu之zhī文wén与yǔ天tiān地dì之zhī宜yí,近jìn取qǔ诸zhū身shēn,远yuǎn取qǔ诸zhū物wù,于yú是shì始shǐ作zuò八bā卦guà,以yǐ通tōng神shén明míng之zhī德dé,以yǐ类lèi万wàn物wù之zhī情qíng。 &rdquo《 周zhōu易yì·系xì辞cí传chuán上shàng》 还hái说shuō:&ldquo《 易yì》 与yǔ天tiān地dì准zhǔn,故gù能néng弥mí纶lún天tiān地dì之zhī道dào。 仰yǎng以yǐ观guān于yú天tiān文wén,俯fǔ以yǐ察chá于yú地dì理lǐ,是shì故gù知zhī幽yōu明míng之zhī故gù。 原yuán始shǐ反fǎn终zhōng,故gù知zhī死sǐ生shēng之zhī说shuō&hellip&hellip与yǔ天tiān地dì相xiàng似sì,故gù不bú违wéi。 知zhī周zhōu乎hū万wàn物wù而ér道dào济jì天tiān下xià,故gù不bú过guò。 旁páng行háng而ér不bú流liú,乐lè天tiān知zhī命mìng,故gù不bú忧yōu&hellip&hellip广guǎng大dà配pèi天tiān地dì,变biàn通tōng配pèi四sì时shí,阴yīn阳yáng之zhī义yì配pèi日rì月yuè,易yì简jiǎn之zhī善shàn配pèi至zhì德dé。 &rdquo天tiān广guǎng地dì大dà,&ldquo是shì故gù法fǎ象xiàng莫mò大dà于yú天tiān地dì,变biàn通tōng莫mò大dà于yú四sì时shí&rdquo,《 周zhōu易yì》 法fǎ象xiàng天tiān地dì,只zhī要yào按àn照zhào《 周zhōu易yì》 去qù做zuò,就jiù没méi有yǒu什shí么me可kě担dān心xīn的de了le。 这zhè里lǐ,法fǎ象xiàng天tiān地dì成chéng了le后hòu来lái道dào家jiā道dào法fǎ自zì然rán思sī想xiǎng,与yǔ天tiān地dì准zhǔn成chéng了le儒rú家jiā天tiān人rén合hé一yī思sī想xiǎng,厚hòu德dé载zǎi物wù则zé成chéng了le儒rú家jiā德dé治zhì思sī想xiǎng,形xíng成chéng了le中zhōng国guó文wén化huà博bó大dà的de包bāo容róng性xìng特tè征zhēng,什shí么me文wén化huà进jìn来lái都dōu可kě以yǐ象xiàng宽kuān广guǎng的de大dà地dì一yī样yàng载zǎi生shēng而ér行háng。    ③ 太tài极jí两liǎng仪yí的de宇yǔ宙zhòu生shēng成chéng观guān:《 周zhōu易yì·系xì辞cí》 认rèn为wéi,宇yǔ宙zhòu是shì按àn太tài极jí生shēng两liǎng仪yí,两liǎng仪yí生shēng四sì象xiàng,四sì象xiàng生shēng八bā卦guà的de一yī分fèn为wéi二èr规guī律lǜ进jìn行háng的de。 用yòng数shù字zì表biǎo示shì就jiù是shì1、 2、 4、 8、 16、 32、 64&hellip&hellip还hái认rèn为wéi1、 3、 5、 7、 9五wǔ个gè奇qí数shù为wéi天tiān,合hé为wéi25,2、 4、 6、 8、 10五wǔ个gè偶ǒu数shù为wéi地dì,合hé为wéi30,天tiān地dì之zhī数shù55,可kě推tuī演yǎn天tiān地dì阴yīn阳yáng变biàn化huà,而ér且qiě天tiān圆yuán地dì方fāng,既jì对duì立lì又yòu统tǒng一yī。 然rán后hòu天tiān地dì大dà衍yǎn之zhī数shù继jì续xù演yǎn变biàn而ér成chéng四sì时shí、 一yī年nián以yǐ及jí天tiān地dì万wàn物wù之zhī数shù。 《 周zhōu易yì》 以yǐ数shù字zì运yùn算suàn变biàn化huà构gòu成chéng了le一yī个gè数shù结jié构gòu的de宇yǔ宙zhòu,被bèi后hòu世shì称chēng为wéi象xiàng数shù学xué,但dàn影yǐng响xiǎng不bú大dà,太tài极jí两liǎng仪yí宇yǔ宙zhòu观guān则zé对duì后hòu世shì中zhōng国guó宇yǔ宙zhòu理lǐ论lùn影yǐng响xiǎng深shēn远yuǎn。    ④ 穷qióng变biàn通tōng久jiǔ、 物wù极jí必bì反fǎn的de辩biàn证zhèng发fā展zhǎn观guān:由yóu太tài极jí图tú、 阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí和hé八bā卦guà构gòu成chéng的de周zhōu易yì学xué强qiáng调diào的de是shì事shì物wù的de变biàn化huà发fā展zhǎn。 太tài极jí图tú、 阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí和hé八bā卦guà的de联lián系xì状zhuàng态tài是shì圆yuán形xíng,内nèi部bù两liǎng仪yí拧nǐng合hé难nán辩biàn、 挪nuó让ràng呼hū应yīng,处chù于yú不bú断duàn的de运yùn动dòng和hé变biàn化huà之zhī中zhōng,外wài界jiè面miàn则zé流liú转zhuǎn光guāng滑huá,它tā们men浑hún然rán一yī体tǐ、 相xiàng互hù依yī存cún又yòu循xún环huán往wǎng复fù。 万wàn事shì万wàn物wù都dōu是shì如rú此cǐ。 推tuī动dòng万wàn物wù变biàn化huà的de物wù质zhì力lì量liàng正zhèng是shì阴yīn阳yáng两liǎng仪yí矛máo盾dùn。 如rú泰tài卦guà和hé否fǒu卦guà(图tú如rú下xià):     这zhè其qí中zhōng包bāo含hán了le&ldquo三sān阳yáng开kāi泰tài&rdquo和hé&ldquo否fǒu极jí泰tài来lái&rdquo两liǎng个gè成chéng语yǔ。 把bǎ它tā们men运yùn用yòng到dào人rén事shì上shàng就jiù是shì:&ldquo通tōng其qí变biàn,使shǐ民mín不bú倦juàn。 神shén而ér化huà之zhī,使shǐ民mín宜yí之zhī。 《 易yì》 ,穷qióng则zé变biàn,变biàn则zé通tōng,通tōng则zé久jiǔ。 是shì以yǐ自zì天tiān佑yòu之zhī,吉jí无wú不bú利lì。 &rdquo(《 系xì辞cí下xià》 )这zhè就jiù是shì&ldquo穷qióng则zé思sī变biàn&rdquo的de成chéng语yǔ。 通tōng变biàn的de目mù的de是shì得dé利lì,但dàn是shì得dé失shī并bìng非fēi固gù定dìng的de,所suǒ谓wèi物wù极jí必bì反fǎn。 如rú:乾qián卦guà的de&ldquo亢kàng龙lóng有yǒu悔huǐ&rdquo、 坤kūn卦guà的de&ldquo履lǚ霜shuāng,坚jiān冰bīng至zhì&rdquo。 《 系xì辞cí传chuán》 里lǐ还hái说shuō:&ldquo善shàn不bú积jī不bú足zú以yǐ成chéng名míng,恶è不bú积jī不bú足zú以yǐ灭miè身shēn&rdquo,所suǒ以yǐ&ldquo小xiǎo人rén以yǐ小xiǎo善shàn为wéi无wú益yì而ér弗fú为wéi也yě,以yǐ小xiǎo恶è为wéi无wú伤shāng而ér弗fú去qù也yě。 故gù恶è积jī而ér不bú可kě掩yǎn,罪zuì大dà而ér不bú可kě解jiě&rdquo&ldquo君jun1子zǐ安ān而ér不bú忘wàng危wēi,存cún而ér不bú忘wàng亡wáng,治zhì而ér不bú忘wàng乱luàn,是shì以yǐ身shēn安ān而ér国guó家jiā可kě保bǎo也yě&rdquo。 事shì在zài人rén为wéi而ér不bú在zài鬼guǐ,吉jí凶xiōng利lì弊bì全quán自zì己jǐ怎zěn么me做zuò。 这zhè里lǐ已yǐ经jīng反fǎn映yìng出chū了le辩biàn证zhèng法fǎ思sī想xiǎng,它tā对duì后hòu世shì中zhōng国guó文wén化huà尤yóu其qí是shì中zhōng国guó哲zhé学xué和hé老lǎo百bǎi姓xìng的de言yán行háng影yǐng响xiǎng至zhì深shēn。 还hái对duì兵bīng学xué、 武wǔ术shù、 医yī学xué也yě产chǎn生shēng了le深shēn远yuǎn影yǐng响xiǎng。    ⑤ 统tǒng合hé直zhí观guān或huò辩biàn证zhèng直zhí觉jiào的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì:特tè点diǎn是shì整zhěng体tǐ性xìng、 应yīng用yòng性xìng、 简jiǎn捷jié性xìng、 直zhí观guān性xìng、 神shén秘mì性xìng、 模mó糊hú性xìng和hé灵líng活huó多duō样yàng性xìng。 对duì事shì物wù或huò问wèn题tí只zhī说shuō其qí然rán,不bú说shuō其qí所suǒ以yǐ然rán。 这zhè里lǐ以yǐ乾qián卦guà(见jiàn上shàng图tú)为wéi例lì作zuò简jiǎn单dān说shuō明míng:   乾qián:元yuán、 亨hēng、 利lì、 贞zhēn。    初chū九jiǔ:潜qián龙lóng,勿wù用yòng。    九jiǔ二èr:见jiàn龙lóng在zài田tián,利lì见jiàn大dà人rén。    九jiǔ三sān:君jun1子zǐ终zhōng日rì乾qián乾qián,夕xī惕tì若ruò。 厉lì,无wú咎jiù。    九jiǔ四sì:或huò跃yuè在zài渊yuān,无wú咎jiù。    九jiǔ五wǔ:飞fēi龙lóng在zài天tiān,利lì见jiàn大dà人rén。    上shàng九jiǔ:亢kàng龙lóng,有yǒu悔huǐ。    用yòng九jiǔ:见jiàn群qún龙lóng无wú首shǒu,吉jí。    以yǐ上shàng爻yáo辞cí表biǎo面miàn上shàng看kàn起qǐ来lái是shì占zhàn卜bo词cí,没méi有yǒu推tuī理lǐ,但dàn是shì使shǐ用yòng范fàn围wéi却què相xiàng当dāng广guǎng泛fàn。 因yīn为wéi它tā们men实shí际jì上shàng包bāo含hán了le事shì物wù由yóu产chǎn生shēng、 发fā展zhǎn演yǎn变biàn到dào最zuì后hòu转zhuǎn向xiàng对duì立lì面miàn的de极jí为wéi简jiǎn单dān却què又yòu极jí为wéi深shēn刻kè的de共gòng同tóng规guī律lǜ。 即jí潜qián龙lóng&rarr田tián龙lóng&rarr跃yuè龙lóng&rarr飞fēi龙lóng&rarr亢kàng龙lóng(《 周zhōu易yì》 里lǐ的de卦guà分fèn为wéi两liǎng种zhǒng,一yī为wéi大dà阳yáng九jiǔ,二èr为wéi小xiǎo阴yīn六liù)。 这zhè就jiù是shì《 周zhōu易yì》 统tǒng合hé直zhí观guān或huò辩biàn证zhèng直zhí觉jiào的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì,它tā直zhí接jiē影yǐng响xiǎng了le中zhōng国guó后hòu世shì儒rú家jiā和hé道dào家jiā学xué说shuō,又yòu间jiān接jiē影yǐng响xiǎng了le佛fó家jiā学xué说shuō,以yǐ至zhì于yú在zài中zhōng国guó文wén化huà和hé生shēng活huó的de各gè个gè领lǐng域yù中zhōng无wú处chù不bú在zài。 比bǐ如rú,天tiān人rén合hé一yī理lǐ论lùn,针zhēn灸jiǔ经jīng络luò之zhī学xué,等děng等děng。    总zǒng结jié:《 周zhōu易yì》 是shì一yī部bù上shàng古gǔ三sān代dài文wén化huà的de总zǒng汇huì书shū,在zài西xī方fāng人rén眼yǎn里lǐ,它tā被bèi看kàn成chéng是shì东dōng方fāng人rén智zhì慧huì的de结jié晶jīng。 我wǒ们men应yīng当dāng透tòu过guò它tā占zhàn卜bo的de表biǎo面miàn形xíng式shì来lái探tàn究jiū它tā博bó大dà而ér深shēn奥ào的de智zhì慧huì与yǔ精jīng神shén。 二èr、 阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō及jí其qí对duì中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de影yǐng响xiǎng      1、 阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō概gài要yào   阴yīn阳yáng:本běn指zhǐ物wù体tǐ对duì于yú阳yáng光guāng之zhī背bèi向xiàng,后hòu引yǐn申shēn为wéi事shì物wù或huò问wèn题tí的de两liǎng种zhǒng趋qū势shì或huò状zhuàng态tài。 阴yīn阳yáng是shì中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài哲zhé学xué的de重zhòng要yào概gài念niàn:它tā们men是shì万wàn物wù的de起qǐ点diǎn:阴yīn阳yáng相xiàng合hé,乃nǎi生shēng万wàn物wù也yě是shì事shì物wù运yùn行háng的de法fǎ则zé:&ldquo一yī阴yīn一yī阳yáng之zhī谓wèi道dào&rdquo《 周zhōu易yì·系xì辞cí》 。 古gǔ人rén用yòng它tā们men来lái说shuō明míng事shì物wù的de结jié构gòu:&ldquo万wàn物wù负fù阴yīn而ér抱bào阳yáng&rdquo(《 老lǎo子zǐ·第dì四sì十shí二èr章zhāng》 ),阐chǎn明míng事shì物wù间jiān的de关guān系xì也yě用yòng来lái解jiě释shì事shì物wù的de发fā展zhǎn变biàn化huà。 在zài古gǔ代dài中zhōng国guó又yòu有yǒu尊zūn阳yáng卑bēi阴yīn的de倾qīng向xiàng,这zhè是shì西xī周zhōu宗zōng法fǎ建jiàn构gòu所suǒ造zào成chéng的de,它tā对duì中zhōng国guó社shè会huì乃nǎi至zhì文wén化huà产chǎn生shēng了le深shēn远yuǎn影yǐng响xiǎng。    五wǔ行háng:金jīn、 木mù、 水shuǐ、 火huǒ、 土tǔ五wǔ种zhǒng物wù质zhì,中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài思sī想xiǎng家jiā把bǎ它tā们men看kàn作zuò是shì构gòu成chéng万wàn物wù的de基jī本běn材cái料liào。 用yòng以yǐ说shuō明míng多duō样yàng性xìng的de物wù质zhì世shì界jiè的de起qǐ源yuán。 它tā们men之zhī间jiān有yǒu相xiàng生shēng相xiàng克kè的de关guān系xì,又yòu有yǒu相xiàng互hù制zhì化huà的de关guān系xì,还hái有yǒu相xiàng乘chéng相xiàng侮wǔ的de关guān系xì。 用yòng图tú表biǎo示shì如rú下xià:    2、 阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō历lì史shǐ简jiǎn述shù   阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō作zuò为wéi古gǔ人rén对duì世shì界jiè本běn源yuán、 构gòu成chéng及jí世shì界jiè运yùn动dòng变biàn化huà之zhī根gēn源yuán的de哲zhé学xué思sī考kǎo,源yuán于yú先xiān秦qín,但dàn它tā的de完wán善shàn经jīng历lì了le一yī个gè相xiàng当dāng长zhǎng的de历lì史shǐ时shí期qī。 最zuì早zǎo提tí出chū阴yīn阳yáng概gài念niàn的de是shì《 周zhōu易yì》 ,大dà量liàng运yùn用yòng于yú《 易yì传chuán》 部bù分fèn。 在zài《 周zhōu易yì&bull系xì辞cí传chuán》 里lǐ,&ldquo阴yīn阳yáng&rdquo被bèi看kàn成chéng是shì最zuì基jī本běn的de也yě是shì最zuì高gāo的de哲zhé学xué范fàn畴chóu,提tí出chū&ldquo一yī阴yīn一yī阳yáng之zhī谓wèi道dào,继jì之zhī者zhě善shàn也yě,成chéng之zhī者zhě性xìng也yě&rdquo,&ldquo广guǎng大dà配pèi天tiān地dì,变biàn通tōng配pèi四sì时shí,阴yīn阳yáng之zhī义yì配pèi日rì月yuè,易yì简jiǎn之zhī善shàn配pèi至zhì德dé&rdquo,&ldquo乾qián,阳yáng物wù也yě坤kūn,阴yīn物wù也yě。 阴yīn阳yáng合hé德dé,而ér刚gāng柔róu有yǒu体tǐ&rdquo。 &ldquo阴yīn阳yáng合hé德dé,刚gāng柔róu有yǒu体tǐ&rdquo已yǐ经jīng具jù有yǒu高gāo度dù的de理lǐ论lùn概gài括kuò性xìng了le。 《 周zhōu易yì》 认rèn为wéi,整zhěng个gè世shì界jiè就jiù是shì在zài阴yīn阳yáng这zhè样yàng两liǎng种zhǒng对duì抗kàng的de物wù质zhì力lì量liàng的de运yùn动dòng和hé矛máo盾dùn中zhōng发fā生shēng和hé发fā展zhǎn的de,任rèn何hé事shì物wù的de发fā展zhǎn变biàn化huà,都dōu是shì阴yīn阳yáng这zhè两liǎng种zhǒng对duì立lì物wù质zhì相xiàng互hù斗dòu争zhēng的de结jié果guǒ。    &ldquo五wǔ行háng&rdquo一yī词cí最zuì早zǎo见jiàn于yú《 尚shàng书shū&bull甘gān誓shì》 :&ldquo有yǒu扈hù氏shì威wēi侮wǔ五wǔ行háng,怠dài弃qì三sān正zhèng。 &rdquo《 甘gān誓shì》 是shì夏xià启qǐ讨tǎo伐fá有yǒu扈hù氏shì在zài甘gān这zhè个gè地dì方fāng向xiàng六liù军jun1发fā布bù的de誓shì命mìng,有yǒu人rén考kǎo证zhèng这zhè是shì后hòu人rén根gēn据jù传chuán闻wén而ér作zuò,太tài早zǎo,不bú可kě靠kào。 目mù前qián,可kě靠kào的de最zuì早zǎo论lùn述shù是shì《 尚shàng书shū&bull洪hóng范fàn》 ,是shì周zhōu武wǔ王wáng克kè殷yīn后hòu向xiàng箕jī子zǐ问wèn策cè时shí,箕jī子zǐ陈chén述shù的de治zhì国guó&ldquo天tiān地dì之zhī大dà法fǎ&rdquo,文wén中zhōng提tí出chū了le帝dì王wáng统tǒng治zhì人rén们men的de各gè项xiàng政zhèng治zhì经jīng济jì原yuán则zé,共gòng有yǒu九jiǔ条tiáo,称chēng&ldquo洪hóng范fàn九jiǔ畴chóu&rdquo,第dì一yī畴chóu就jiù是shì五wǔ行háng:&ldquo五wǔ行háng:一yī曰yuē水shuǐ,二èr曰yuē火huǒ,三sān曰yuē本běn,四sì曰yuē金jīn,五wǔ曰yuē土tǔ。 水shuǐ曰yuē润rùn下xià,火huǒ曰yuē炎yán上shàng,木mù曰yuē曲qǔ直zhí,金jīn曰yuē从cóng革gé,土tǔ爰yuán稼jià穑sè。 润rùn下xià作zuò咸xián,炎yán上shàng作zuò苦kǔ,曲qǔ直zhí作zuò酸suān,从cóng革gé作zuò辛xīn,稼jià穑sè作zuò甘gān。 &rdquo此cǐ后hòu的de先xiān秦qín文wén献xiàn中zhōng对duì五wǔ行háng多duō有yǒu记jì述shù,如rú《 国guó语yǔ&bull鲁lǔ语yǔ》 说shuō&ldquo地dì之zhī五wǔ行háng,所suǒ以yǐ生shēng殖zhí也yě&rdquo,《 国guó语yǔ&bull郑zhèng语yǔ》 说shuō&ldquo以yǐ土tǔ与yǔ金jīn、 木mù、 水shuǐ、 火huǒ,杂zá以yǐ成chéng百bǎi物wù&rdquo。 &ldquo五wǔ行háng&rdquo的de&ldquo五wǔ&rdquo是shì五wǔ种zhǒng物wù质zhì,&ldquo行háng&rdquo如rú街jiē道dào形xíng状zhuàng,有yǒu&ldquo道dào路lù&rdquo之zhī意yì,可kě四sì通tōng八bā达dá。 五wǔ行háng被bèi古gǔ人rén看kàn作zuò世shì界jiè万wàn物wù的de起qǐ源yuán元yuán素sù,与yǔ古gǔ人rén对duì自zì然rán现xiàn象xiàng的de观guān察chá、 农nóng业yè的de发fā达dá及jí冶yě金jīn的de兴xìng起qǐ有yǒu关guān。 在zài古gǔ代dài的de埃āi及jí、 巴bā比bǐ伦lún、 印yìn度dù、 希xī腊là、 罗luó马mǎ等děng国guó的de&ldquo世shì界jiè起qǐ源yuán元yuán素sù说shuō&rdquo中zhōng,都dōu没méi有yǒu&ldquo金jīn&rdquo元yuán素sù,它tā说shuō明míng了le金jīn属shǔ在zài中zhōng国guó青qīng铜tóng时shí代dài的de重zhòng要yào性xìng。 与yǔ阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng有yǒu密mì切qiē关guān系xì的de是shì周zhōu易yì八bā卦guà说shuō,八bā卦guà在zài天tiān为wéi日rì月yuè风fēng雷léi,在zài地dì为wéi水shuǐ火huǒ山shān泽zé,日rì月yuè为wéi天tiān地dì阴yīn阳yáng,彼bǐ此cǐ对duì立lì转zhuǎn化huà而ér交jiāo感gǎn变biàn化huà,前qián面miàn已yǐ讲jiǎng到dào。    阴yīn阳yáng说shuō和hé五wǔ行háng说shuō到dào了le战zhàn国guó时shí期qī趋qū向xiàng合hé流liú,形xíng成chéng五wǔ行háng学xué派pài,也yě叫jiào阴yīn阳yáng家jiā,代dài表biǎo人rén物wù是shì邹zōu衍yǎn(约yuē前qián305&mdash240)。 阴yīn阳yáng家jiā一yī方fāng面miàn发fā展zhǎn了le阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō的de朴pǔ素sù唯wéi物wù论lùn,在zài科kē技jì方fāng面miàn做zuò出chū了le贡gòng献xiàn,一yī方fāng面miàn又yòu把bǎ之zhī神shén秘mì化huà,让ràng后hòu人rén不bú知zhī所suǒ以yǐ。  3、 阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō对duì中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de影yǐng响xiǎng   ① 在zài科kē学xué技jì术shù上shàng,在zài中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài比bǐ较jiào发fā达dá的de科kē学xué中zhōng,几jǐ乎hū都dōu渗shèn透tòu着zhe阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō。 比bǐ如rú,在zài天tiān文wén历lì数shù上shàng,它tā被bèi用yòng来lái解jiě释shì季jì节jiē的de更gèng替tì和hé天tiān象xiàng的de变biàn化huà。 在zài医yī学xué上shàng,被bèi用yòng来lái解jiě释shì人rén体tǐ的de状zhuàng态tài及jí各gè部bù分fèn之zhī间jiān的de关guān系xì,阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng五wǔ脏zāng六liù腑fǔ五wǔ官guān五wǔ体tǐ五wǔ志zhì五wǔ气qì五wǔ色sè五wǔ味wèi时shí令lìng被bèi融róng为wéi一yī体tǐ,饮yǐn食shí医yī疗liáo保bǎo健jiàn治zhì病bìng辩biàn证zhèng统tǒng一yī密mì不bú可kě分fèn。 它tā们men的de关guān系xì如rú下xià图tú所suǒ示shì:      ② 在zài社shè会huì历lì史shǐ观guān上shàng,形xíng成chéng五wǔ德dé终zhōng始shǐ历lì史shǐ循xún环huán论lùn。 阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō认rèn为wéi,认rèn为wéi五wǔ行háng主zhǔ五wǔ德dé,五wǔ德dé相xiàng生shēng相xiàng克kè,循xún环huán往wǎng复fù,形xíng成chéng五wǔ德dé终zhōng始shǐ历lì史shǐ循xún环huán论lùn,这zhè是shì中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài比bǐ较jiào系xì统tǒng的de历lì史shǐ哲zhé学xué。    ③ 在zài政zhèng治zhì伦lún理lǐ上shàng形xíng成chéng尊zūn阳yáng卑bēi阴yīn观guān念niàn。 西xī汉hàn懂dǒng仲zhòng舒shū认rèn为wéi,认rèn为wéi阳yáng德dé阴yīn刑xíng,阳yáng尊zūn阴yīn卑bēi,君jun1父fù夫fū为wéi阳yáng,臣chén子zǐ妻qī为wéi阴yīn,五wǔ行háng为wéi忠zhōng臣chén孝xiào子zǐ之zhī行háng,宣xuān扬yáng三sān纲gāng五wǔ常cháng尊zūn卑bēi贵guì贱jiàn之zhī别bié。 它tā影yǐng响xiǎng了le自zì汉hàn代dài以yǐ后hòu整zhěng个gè中zhōng国guó的de政zhèng治zhì伦lún理lǐ。    ④ 在zài哲zhé学xué上shàng,形xíng成chéng了le几jǐ乎hū整zhěng个gè中zhōng国guó古gǔ代dài哲zhé学xué的de阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng概gài念niàn和hé辩biàn证zhèng直zhí觉jiào的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì。 汉hàn代dài儒rú家jiā、 宋sòng明míng理lǐ学xué家jiā和hé明míng清qīng之zhī际jì的de思sī想xiǎng家jiā都dōu借jiè鉴jiàn了le阴yīn阳yáng五wǔ行háng学xué说shuō,在zài哲zhé学xué思sī维wéi方fāng式shì乃nǎi至zhì整zhěng个gè中zhōng国guó文wén化huà的de思sī维wéi方fāng式shì上shàng都dōu表biǎo现xiàn出chū了le阴yīn阳yáng对duì立lì和hé五wǔ行háng相xiàng生shēng相xiàng克kè观guān念niàn的de特tè点diǎn,即jí注zhù重zhòng整zhěng体tǐ关guān联lián和hé平píng衡héng和hé谐xié的de辩biàn证zhèng思sī维wéi。    ⑤ 消xiāo极jí影yǐng响xiǎng就jiù是shì在zài神shén秘mì化huà过guò程chéng中zhōng形xíng成chéng的de谶chèn纬wěi神shén学xué和hé天tiān人rén感gǎn应yīng说shuō。   本běn章zhāng总zǒng结jié:在zài殷yīn周zhōu之zhī际jì,中zhōng国guó传chuán统tǒng文wén化huà中zhōng的de绝jué大dà部bù分fèn文wén化huà观guān念niàn和hé精jīng神shén、 推tuī动dòng中zhōng国guó文wén化huà繁fán衍yǎn的de最zuì基jī本běn的de世shì界jiè观guān和hé方fāng法fǎ论lùn都dōu已yǐ经jīng基jī本běn形xíng成chéng,载zǎi运yùn中zhōng国guó文wén化huà发fā展zhǎn的de社shè会huì组zǔ织zhī宗zōng法fǎ制zhì也yě已yǐ经jīng做zuò好hǎo。 随suí着zhe中zhōng国guó农nóng耕gēng经jīng济jì的de不bú断duàn发fā展zhǎn,中zhōng国guó文wén化huà开kāi始shǐ了le她tā此cǐ后hòu三sān千qiān年nián漫màn长zhǎng而ér曲qǔ折shé的de成chéng长zhǎng壮zhuàng大dà过guò程chéng。 

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